{"id":4851,"date":"2025-01-20T15:29:05","date_gmt":"2025-01-20T20:29:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/?p=4851"},"modified":"2026-08-29T00:11:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T04:11:02","slug":"teaching-on-sravakayana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/teaching-on-sravakayana\/","title":{"rendered":"Teaching on Sravakayana || \u8072\u805e\u4e58\u9053\u6b21\u7b2c\u6982\u8ff0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4851\" class=\"elementor elementor-4851\" data-elementor-settings='{\"element_pack_global_tooltip_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_width_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_width_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true}}' data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e819f2d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e819f2d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b2d8b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b2d8b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teaching on Sravakayana<br>\n&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#27010;&#36848;<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900bce8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"900bce8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1707\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Monlam-chenmo-d5-276312507_1851187871739836_4609701445321894454_n.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-56746\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Monlam-chenmo-d5-276312507_1851187871739836_4609701445321894454_n.jpg 1707w, https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Monlam-chenmo-d5-276312507_1851187871739836_4609701445321894454_n-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Monlam-chenmo-d5-276312507_1851187871739836_4609701445321894454_n-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Monlam-chenmo-d5-276312507_1851187871739836_4609701445321894454_n-135x100.jpg 135w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1707px) 100vw, 1707px\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1904f1d uae-toc-hide-heading uael-heading-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1904f1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"content_between_space\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0,\"sizes\":[]},\"scroll_to_top_offset\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"scroll_to_top_offset_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"scroll_to_top_offset_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"heading_text_align\":\"left\",\"heading_bottom_space\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"heading_bottom_space_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"heading_bottom_space_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"separator_bottom_space\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"separator_bottom_space_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"separator_bottom_space_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"content_between_space_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"content_between_space_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"uael-table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-main-wrapper\" data-headings=\"h2,h3,h4\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-toc-heading elementor-inline-editing\" data-elementor-setting-key=\"heading_title\" data-elementor-inline-editing-toolbar=\"basic\">Table of Contents || &#30446;&#37636;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-toggle-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-toc-headings=\"headings\" class=\"uael-toc-list uael-toc-list-disc\" data-scroll=\"0\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-empty-note\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Ajoutez un en-t&ecirc;te pour commencer &agrave; g&eacute;n&eacute;rer la table des mati&egrave;res<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a id=\"uael-scroll-top\" class=\"uael-scroll-top-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Scroll to Top<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3ebc11 uael-offcanvas-trigger-align-floating elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-offcanvas\" data-id=\"f3ebc11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-offcanvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"f3ebc11-overlay\" data-trigger-on=\"icon\" data-close-on-overlay=\"yes\" data-close-on-esc=\"yes\" data-content=\"saved_modules\" data-device=\"false\" data-custom=\"\" data-custom-id=\"\" data-canvas-width=\"520\" data-wrap-menu-item=\"no\" class=\"uael-offcanvas-parent-wrapper uael-module-content uaoffcanvas-f3ebc11\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"offcanvas-f3ebc11\" class=\"uael-offcanvas uael-custom-offcanvas   uael-offcanvas-type-push uael-offcanvas-scroll-disable uael-offcanvas-shadow-inset position-at-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-offcanvas-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-offcanvas-action-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-offcanvas-close-icon-wrapper elementor-icon-wrapper elementor-clickable uael-offcanvas-close-icon-position-right-top\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-offcanvas-close elementor-icon-link elementor-clickable \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-offcanvas-close-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-times\" viewbox=\"0 0 352 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-offcanvas-text uael-offcanvas-content-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"widget\" data-elementor-id=\"20388\" class=\"elementor elementor-20388\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20388 uae-toc-hide-heading uael-heading-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"20388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"content_between_space\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0,\"sizes\":[]},\"heading_text_align\":\"left\",\"heading_bottom_space\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"heading_bottom_space_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"heading_bottom_space_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"separator_bottom_space\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"separator_bottom_space_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"separator_bottom_space_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"content_between_space_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"content_between_space_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"uael-table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-main-wrapper\" data-headings=\"h2,h3,h4\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-toc-heading elementor-inline-editing\" data-elementor-setting-key=\"heading_title\" data-elementor-inline-editing-toolbar=\"basic\">Table of Contents || &#30446;&#37636;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-toggle-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-toc-headings=\"headings\" class=\"uael-toc-list uael-toc-list-disc\" data-scroll=\"\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-toc-empty-note\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Add a header to begin generating the table of contents<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-offcanvas-overlay elementor-clickable\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-offcanvas-action-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div tabindex=\"0\" class=\"uael-offcanvas-action elementor-clickable uael-offcanvas-trigger uael-offcanvas-icon-wrap\" data-offcanvas=\"f3ebc11\"><span class=\"uael-offcanvas-icon-bg uael-offcanvas-icon  uael-offcanvas-action-alignment-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-list-alt\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M464 32H48C21.49 32 0 53.49 0 80v352c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h416c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V80c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm-6 400H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V86a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h404a6 6 0 0 1 6 6v340a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm-42-92v24c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12H204c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h200c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12zm0-96v24c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12H204c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h200c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12zm0-96v24c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12H204c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h200c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12zm-252 12c0 19.882-16.118 36-36 36s-36-16.118-36-36 16.118-36 36-36 36 16.118 36 36zm0 96c0 19.882-16.118 36-36 36s-36-16.118-36-36 16.118-36 36-36 36 16.118 36 36zm0 96c0 19.882-16.118 36-36 36s-36-16.118-36-36 16.118-36 36-36 36 16.118 36 36z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21ec09 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b21ec09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9797c4 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-101058 elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9797c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Change Language | &#20999;&#25563;&#35486;&#35328; | <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sound, Language&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#32882;&#38899;&#65292;&#35486;&#35328; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32102;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#3921;&#3851;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ke); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;skad&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/sound-3\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">&#3942;&#3984;&#3921;&#3851;<\/span><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Abbr of &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3937;&#3954;&#3851;&#3906;&#3962; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(yi ge)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20234;&#32102; &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3937;&#3954;&#3851;&#3906;&#3962;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; &#30340;&#31777;&#23531;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#20234;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3937;&#3954;&#3906;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (yik); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;yig&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Seed Syllable, Letter, Bija; &#31278;&#23376;&#23383;, &#23383;&#27597;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(&#20234;&#32102;);&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=84884&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;Tibetan Alphabet and numbers &#34255;&#25991;&#23383;&#27597;&#33287;&#25976;&#23383;:\n&amp;amp;lt;table width=&amp;amp;quot;0&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tbody&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3904; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td 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width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3909; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ca&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3910;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;cha&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3911;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ja&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3913;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;nya&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3919; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ta&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3920;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;tha&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3921;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;da&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3923;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;na&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3924; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;pa&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3925;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;pha&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3926;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ba&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3928;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ma&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3929; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;tsa&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3930;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;tsha&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3931;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;dza&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3933;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;wa&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3934;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;zha&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3935;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;za&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3936;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;#039;a&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3937;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ya&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3938;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ra&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3939;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;la&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3940;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;sha&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3942;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;sa&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3943;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;ha&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3944;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;a&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3944;&#3954;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;i&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3944;&#3956;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;u&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3944;&#3962;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;e&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3944;&#3964;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;o&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3872;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;60&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;laykor, 0&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3873;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;60&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;chig, 1&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3874;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;60&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;nyi, 2&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3875;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;60&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;sum, 3&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3876;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;zhi, 4&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3877;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;nga, 5&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3878;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;drug, 6&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3879;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;dun, 7&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3880;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;gyed, 8&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3881;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;td width=&amp;amp;quot;30&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;gu, 9&amp;amp;lt;\/td&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tr&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/tbody&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;\/table&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;&#3939;&#4023;&#3851;&#3942;&#3936;&#3954;&#3851;&#3942;&#3984;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/tibetan\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;:&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3937;&#3954;&#3851;&#3906;&#3962;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(yi g&eacute;);&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=92862&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Wylie transliteration&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#23041;&#21033;&#36681;&#23531;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;Wylie transliteration, designed by American Turrell V. Wylie in 1959, is a method for transliterating Tibetan script using only the letters available on a typical English-language typewriter. It precisely transcribes Tibetan script as written but does not represent the modern pronunciation of Tibetan words.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&#23041;&#21033;&#36681;&#23531;&#26159;&#30001;&#29305;&#29790;&#29246;&middot;&#23041;&#21033;&#26044;1959&#24180;&#35373;&#35336;&#30340;&#19968;&#31278;&#34255;&#25991;&#36681;&#23531;&#31995;&#32113;, &#21482;&#29992;26&#20491;&#25289;&#19969;&#23383;&#27597;, &#20294;&#20006;&#19981;&#34920;&#29694;&#20195;&#34255;&#35486;&#30332;&#38899;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;&#23041;&#21033;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/wylie\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Wylie&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;:&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;yi ge&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=85035&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Sanskrit; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#26805;&#25991;;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;Sanskrit means &lsquo;polished&rsquo;. It is a language of ancient India, the primary language of Hindu and Mahayana Buddhism texts. It is more complex with larger vocabulary than Pali. It was spoken only in royal court by priests and intellectuals.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&#26805;&#35486;&#21360;&#27472;&#35486;&#31995;&#26368;&#21476;&#32769;&#30340;&#35486;&#35328;&#20043;&#19968;, &#28858;&#19968;&#31278;&#23416;&#34899;&#21644;&#23447;&#25945;&#30340;&#23560;&#38272;&#29992;&#35486;.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;&#26805;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/sanskrit\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sanskrit&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;:&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;b&#299;ja&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Seed syllables are used in&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=84911&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Diamond, Thunderbolt, Vajra, Dorje&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#37329;&#21083;, &#38013;&#30707;. &#38713;&#38722;, &#37329;&#21083;&#26485;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt; (&#22810;&#20625;\/&#22810;&#21513;\/&#22810;&#30342;\/&#29677;&#26413;); Tibetan: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&#3938;&#4001;&#3964;&#3851;&#3938;&#3991;&#3962;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;(Dorje)&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;, &amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&#3926;&#3931;&#4018;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&nbsp;(Benza); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;rdo rje, badz+ra&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Vajra&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;Dorje (Sanskrit: Vajra) means indestructible like diamond. It is one of the most important hand implement in Vajrayana.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;Dorje is also a common Tibetan name. Alternate spelling \/ Variations: Dorj&eacute;, Dorjee, Dorji, Dordje, Dordsche.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&#37329;&#21083;&#22914;&#38013;&#30707;&#22533;&#19981;&#21487;&#25703;&#12290;&#37329;&#21083;&#26485;&#26159;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20027;&#35201;&#30340;&#25163;&#25345;&#27861;&#22120;&#12290;&#22810;&#20625;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;Vajra, &#37329;&#21083;, Dorje, &#22810;&#20625;, Benza,  &#3926;&#3931;&#4018;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/vajra\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vajra&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=86324&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Yana, Vehicle&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#20056; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;(&#24086;&#24052;); Tibetan: &amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt; (thekpa); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;theg pa&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;Yana, vehicle, refers to different types and levels of Buddhist teaching including Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana etc.&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;&#20056;&#26159;&#25351;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#20315;&#25945;&#25945;&#23566;: &#23567;&#20056;&#12289;&#22823;&#20056;&#12289;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#12289;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#12289;&#32227;&#35258;&#20056;&#12289;&#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&#31561;&#12290;&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;Yana,  &#20056;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/%e0%bd%90%e0%bd%ba%e0%bd%82%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%94\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;yana&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;visualization practices (often as part of&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=84876&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Mantra; &amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&#21650;, &#26364;&#29305;&#32645;, &#30495;&#35328;&nbsp;(&#38597;)&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 15px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt; &#3942;&#3988;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;(ngak); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;sngags&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;A mantra is a group of sacred syllables (often Sanskrit) with spiritual powers to protect the mind of the practitioner. Mantras have most important role in tantra, representing deity, mandala, offering, blessing, energy, accomplishment, enlightened activity, shunyata, purification and wish fulfilling jewel.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&#21650;&#35486;&#26159;&#21487;&#20197;&#20445;&#35703;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#24515;&#31070; (&#36890;&#24120;&#26805;&#25991;) &#30340;&#19968;&#27573;&#38899;&#31680;&#65292;&#22312;&#23494;&#23447;&#20013;&#25198;&#28436;&#33879;&#26368;&#37325;&#35201;&#30340;&#35282;&#33394;&#65292;&#20195;&#34920;&#26412;&#23562;&#12289;&#26364;&#38464;&#32645;&#12289;&#20379;&#39178;&#12289;&#21152;&#25345;&#12289;&#33021;&#37327;&#12289;&#20107;&#26989;&#12289;&#25104;&#23601;&#12289;&#31354;&#24615;&#12289;&#28136;&#21270;&#21644;&#22914;&#24847;&#23542;&#31561;&#31561;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;Mantra,  &#26364;&#29305;&#32645;,  &#30495;&#35328;,  &#21650;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/mantra\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mantra&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;s) as a metaphor for the cause of things and cognate with&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=86304&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Bindu&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#26126;&#40670;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3920;&#3954;&#3906;&#3851;&#3939;&#3962;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt; (tigle); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;thig le&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;: Sanskrit: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;bindu&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;Bindu is the drop of pure energy visualized in Vajrayana practices.&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;&#26126;&#40670;&#26159;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#35264;&#24819;&#20462;&#25345;&#20013;&#30340;&#29699;&#24418;&#30340;&#32020;&#31929;&#33021;&#37327;&#12290;&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;Bindu,  &#26126;&#40670;,  Tigle&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/bindu\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;bindu&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31278;&#23376;&#23383;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=84868&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Vajrayana&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;, &#23494;&#23447;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt; (&#22810;&#21513;&#24503;&#24052;); Tibetan: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&#3938;&#4001;&#3964;&#3851;&#3938;&#3991;&#3962;&#3851;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;(dorje tekpa); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;rdo rje theg pa&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Vajray&#257;na, Mantray&#257;na, Guhyamantray&#257;na, Tantray&#257;na&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;Vajrayana, (Diamond Vehicle, Thunderbolt Vehicle, Tantrayana, Mantrayana, Guhyamantrayana, Secret Mantra, Tantric Buddhism or Esoteric Buddhism), is one of three main traditions of buddhism. All three share the ultimate goal of attaining enlightenment. Vajrayana views that the mind already has the fruition or resultant conditions of enlightenment but obscured by ignorance and other defilements. The path or method of Vajrayana is to identify with fruition mind and practice towards the cause of enlightenment. Its practices include empowerments, mantras, mudras, mandalas and visualizations of deities.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&#23494;&#23447;&#12289;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#30340;&#19977;&#22823;&#20659;&#32113;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#21029;&#21517;&#29978;&#22810; (&#24603;&#29305;&#32645;&#20315;&#25945;&#12289;&#31192;&#23494;&#25945;&#12289;&#31192;&#23494;&#20056;&#12289;&#23494;&#20056;&#12289;&#30495;&#35328;&#20056;&#12289;&#29788;&#20285;&#23494;&#25945;&#12289;&#37329;&#21083;&#36650;&#12289;&#30495;&#35328;&#23447;)&#65292;&#32066;&#26997;&#30446;&#27161;&#37117;&#26159;&#35258;&#24735;&#25104;&#20315;&#12290;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#35469;&#28858;&#24515;&#24050;&#32147;&#26377;&#20102;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#26524;&#65292;&#20294;&#34987;&#28961;&#26126;&#21644;&#20854;&#20182;&#29033;&#24817;&#25152;&#36974;&#34109;&#65292;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20043;&#36947;&#25110;&#26041;&#27861;&#26159;&#20462;&#34892;&#35657;&#24735;&#20043;&#22240;&#65292;&#20462;&#25345;&#21253;&#25324;&#28748;&#38914;&#12289;&#21650;&#35486;&#12289;&#25163;&#21360;&#12289;&#22727;&#22478;&#21644;&#35264;&#24819;&#26412;&#23562;&#31561;&#12290;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;&#23494;&#21650;&#20056;, &#37329;&#21083;&#20056;, &#23494;&#23447;, &#23494;&#20056;, &#24603;&#29305;&#32645;&#20315;&#25945;, &#31192;&#23494;&#25945;, &#30495;&#35328;&#20056;, &#29788;&#20285;&#23494;&#25945;, &#37329;&#21083;&#36650;, &#30495;&#35328;&#23447;, Vajrayana. Diamond Vehicle, Thunderbolt Vehicle, Mantrayana, Guhyamantrayana, Secret Mantra, Guhyamantrayana, Tantric Buddhism, Esoteric Buddhism, diamond vehicle, thunderbolt vehicle&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/vajrayana\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&#65292;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=86173&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Visualize&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#35264;&#24819; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;(&#31859;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&#3921;&#3928;&#3954;&#3906;&#3942;&#3851;&#3919;&#3962;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&nbsp;(mig te); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;dmigs te&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&nbsp;&amp;amp;lt;\/p&amp;amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt; Visualize,  &#35264;&#24819;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/visualize\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#35264;&#24819;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&#34395;&#31354;&#65292;&#33258;&#19968;&#31278;&#23376;&#23383;&#29983;&#22810;&#23383;&#21450;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=85743&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Thaye, Infinite&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#28961;&#38480; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;(&#20182;&#32822;\/&#22612;&#32822;); Tibetan: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&#3928;&#3920;&#3936;&#3851;&#3937;&#3942;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&nbsp;(ta ye); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;mtha&amp;amp;#039; yas&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;Thaye is a common Tibetan name.\n&#20182;&#32822;\/&#22612;&#32822;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#65292;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;Infinite,  &#28961;&#38480;,  &#20182;&#32822;,  Thaye &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/thaye\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#28961;&#38480;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&#24847;&#24605;&#65292;&#29983;&#36650;, &#20809;,&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;box-sizing: border-box; --bdt-inverse: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid #1e73be; text-decoration: none !important;&amp;quot; tabindex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; role=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemEditlink&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;amp;quot;https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=85053&amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;quot; target=&amp;amp;quot;_blank&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edit term&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;#039;cmtt-audio-player &amp;#039;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=&amp;#039;wp-embedded-audio&amp;#039; href=&amp;#039;http:\/\/en&amp;#039;&amp;gt;en&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;amp;quot;clear&amp;amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Deity, Yidam&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt; &#26412;&#23562;; &amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;amp;lt;span style=&amp;amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;&#3937;&#3954;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;\/span&amp;amp;gt; (yidam); Wylie: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;yi dam&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;amp;lt;strong&amp;amp;gt;Devata;&amp;amp;lt;\/strong&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;In Vajrayana, a Yidam is a manifestation of enlightened mind or Buddha form. A Yidam can have multiple faces, arms and legs and can appear in peaceful or wrathful form.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;Chakrasamvara, Kalachakra, Guhyasamaja, Cakrasamvara, Hevajra, Yamantaka, and Vajrayogini, Hayagriva, Vajrakilaya, Kurukulla, Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri, Tara and Dzambhala are some of the most common well known Yidams.&amp;amp;lt;br \/&amp;amp;gt;&#26412;&#23562;&#26159;&#23494;&#27861;&#20315;&#24615;&#30340;&#39023;&#29694;&#65292;&#20462;&#27861;&#35264;&#24819;&#30340;&#23565;&#22659;&#12290;&#26368;&#20027;&#35201;&#30340;&#26412;&#23562;&#21253;&#25324;&#21213;&#36650;&#37329;&#21083;&#12289;&#26178;&#36650;&#37329;&#21083;&#12289;&#23494;&#37329;&#21083;&#12289;&#36650;&#37329;&#21083;&#12289;&#21916;&#37329;&#21083;&#12289;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#12289;&#37329;&#21083;&#29788;&#20285;&#27597;&#12289;&#39340;&#38957;&#26126;&#29579; &#26222;&#24052;&#37329;&#21083;&#12289;&#20316;&#26126;&#20315;&#27597;&#12289;&#35264;&#19990;&#38899;&#33769;&#34217;&#12289;&#25991;&#27530;&#33769;&#34217;&#12289;&#24230;&#27597;&#12289;&#36106;&#24052;&#25289;&#31561;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_wrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms_title&amp;gt;Synonyms &#21516;&#32681;&#35422;: &amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=cmtt_synonyms&amp;gt;&#26412;&#23562;,  Devata,  Yidam,  Deity&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/glossary\/yidam\/  target=_blank&amp;gt;Open Dictionary Page &#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856;&amp;lt;\/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&amp;quot; data-mobile-support=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#26412;&#23562;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&#65292;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#27861;&#31354;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/seed-syllable\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">&#3937;&#3954;&#3906;<\/span>&#3851;&#3926;<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Noble Master, Lord&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#24681;&#24107;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; 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Please select your language from the language switching menu above.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b05ff e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51b05ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e1c301 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e1c301\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d84de82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d84de82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Kyabje&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#24601;&#20027;, &#23562;&#32773;, &#30344;&#20381;&#20027; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#22025;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3926;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3991;&#3962; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(kyab je)&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Wylie&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;: skyabs rje&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Kyabje is a mark of respect reserved for the senior most lamas whose realization and powers are extraordinary. The term means lord (je, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3991;&#3962;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) of refuge (kyab, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3926;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;), signifying someone who, on account of his or her extraordinary realization, has the capacity to protect us from the suffering of samsara and its causes, the disturbing emotions.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#24601;&#20027; \/ &#30344;&#20381;&#20027;&nbsp; &#26159;&#23565;&#35657;&#24735;&#33021;&#21147;&#38750;&#20961;&#30340;&#26368;&#39640;&#19978;&#24107;&#30340;&#23562;&#31281;, &#20182;&#26377;&#33021;&#21147;&#20445;&#35703;&#25105;&#20497;&#20813;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#21450;&#20854;&#25104;&#22240; (&#29033;&#24817;&#24773;&#32210;) &#25152;&#24118;&#20358;&#30340;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#34255;&#25991; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3926;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(kyab, &#22025;) &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#30344;&#20381;,&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3991;&#3962; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(je, &#20625;) &#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#19978;&#24107;.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/kyabje\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Kyabje<\/span> <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=&#039;cmtt-audio-player &#039;&gt;&lt;a class=&#039;wp-embedded-audio&#039; href=&#039;http:\/\/en&#039;&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Gosok; &#26524;&#30889;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3986;&#3964;&#3851;&#3942;&#3964;&#3906;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (gosok)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sgo sog;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;\nOrigin of &amp;quot;Gosok&amp;quot;: The first incarnation of Gosok Rinpoche was a Mongolian, Dondrup Gyatso. He was Abbot of Gomang College in Drepung Monastery, one of the three main Gelugpa monastic universities. He was a well known Buddhist scholar with extraordinary realization. Rinpoche&amp;#039;s name came from &amp;quot;Go&amp;#039; of Gomang and &amp;quot;Sok&amp;quot;, Tibetan pronunciation of Mongolian.\n&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#21517;&#23383;&#30001;&#20358;: &#31532;&#19968;&#19990;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#65292;&#26412;&#21517;&#25958;&#29664;&#22025;&#25514;&#65292;&#26159;&#33945;&#21476;&#20154;&#12290;&#21407;&#26159;&#25289;&#34217;&#19977;&#22823;&#23546;&#20043;&#19968;&#21746;&#34444;&#23546;&#26524;&#33426;&#20711;&#38498;&#20303;&#25345;(&#21746;&#37030;&#23546;&#23546;&#20839;&#21407;&#26377;&#19971;&#22823;&#21124;&#20489;&#65288;&#32147;&#23416;&#38498;&#65289;&#65292;&#24460;&#21512;&#20006;&#28858;&#27931;&#33394;&#26519;&#12289;&#26524;&#33725;&#12289;&#24503;&#25562;&#12289;&#38463;&#24052;&#22235;&#22823;&#21124;&#20489;)&#65292;&#21338;&#23416;&#22810;&#32862;&#65292;&#25945;&#35657;&#20855;&#36275;&#65292;&#29554;&#31532;&#20116;&#19990;&#23562;&#32773;&#20219;&#21629;&#20027;&#25345;&#35199;&#34255;&#26481;&#37096;&#26684;&#39791;&#27966;&#37325;&#35201;&#23546;&#38498;&#29702;&#22616;&#23546;(&#29694;&#31281;&amp;quot;&#38263;&#38738;.&#26149;&#31185;&#29246;&#23546;&rdquo;)&#12290; &amp;quot;&#26524;&rdquo;&#26159;&amp;quot;&#26524;&#33426;&#20711;&#38498;&rdquo;&#30340;&#26524;&#65292; &#33945;&#21476;&#20154;&#30340;&#34255;&#38899;&amp;quot;&#30889;&rdquo;&#25773;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#23562;&#31281;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#28858;&amp;quot;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&rdquo;&#65292;&#19968;&#30452;&#27839;&#29992;&#33267;&#20170;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/gosok\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Gosok<\/span> <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Rinpoche; &#20161;&#27874;&#20999;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3954;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(rinpoche)&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rin po che;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Rinpoche means &amp;quot;precious one&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;jewel&amp;quot;. In Tibetan Buddhism, it is a way of showing respect when addressing those recognized as reincarnated, respected, learned and\/or an accomplished Lamas or teachers of the Dharma. It is also used as an honorific for abbots of monasteries. Alternate spelling \/ Variations: Rimpoche, Rimpoche.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999; (&#23527;&#27874;&#36554; \/ &#20161;&#27874;&#36554;) &#30340;&#24847;&#35695;&#26159;&#12300;&#29645;&#23542;&#12301;, &#26159;&#23565;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#19978;&#24107;&#30340;&#19968;&#31278;&#23562;&#31281;,&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#21487;&#20197;&#26159;&#34987;&#35469;&#35657;&#30340;&#36681;&#19990;&#32773;&#25110;&#26159;&#26377;&#24456;&#39640;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#25104;&#23601;&#32773;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/%e0%bd%a2%e0%bd%b2%e0%bd%93%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%94%e0%bd%bc%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%86%e0%bd%ba\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Rinpoche<\/span><br>Teaching on <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hearer&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#32882;&#32862;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24180;&#29305;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3923;&#3851;&#3920;&#3964;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nyan to); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyan thos&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Savaka&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shravaka&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shravaka, &amp;quot;Hearer&amp;quot;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a follower of the early Buddhist path who seeks personal liberation from cyclic existence by listening to the teachings of a Buddha and practicing accordingly. The term literally means &amp;quot;one who hears,&amp;quot; indicating that such practitioners receive the Dharma directly from a teacher and strive for the state of an arhat. The shravaka path is characterized by the cultivation of renunciation, ethical discipline, and insight into the nature of reality, with the primary motivation of ending one&amp;#039;s own suffering. In the Mahayana framework, this path is considered the lesser vehicle when compared to the bodhisattva path, as it focuses primarily on individual liberation rather than the liberation of all beings. Nevertheless, the shravaka teachings are respected as a genuine and valid path to liberation and form the foundation upon which the Mahayana path is built.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#32882;&#32862;&#25351;&#32893;&#32862;&#20315;&#38464;&#32882;&#25945;&#32780;&#20381;&#20043;&#20462;&#34892;&#12289;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#30340;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#12290;&#20854;&#23383;&#32681;&#28858;&#12300;&#32893;&#32862;&#32773;&#12301;&#65292;&#34920;&#26126;&#27492;&#39006;&#34892;&#32773;&#32147;&#30001;&#30452;&#25509;&#24478;&#24107;&#38263;&#32893;&#21463;&#27491;&#27861;&#65292;&#31934;&#36914;&#20462;&#34892;&#20197;&#35657;&#24471;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#26524;&#20301;&#12290;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#30340;&#29305;&#33394;&#22312;&#26044;&#20462;&#32722;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#12289;&#25345;&#23432;&#25106;&#24459;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#36890;&#36948;&#35576;&#27861;&#23526;&#30456;&#30340;&#31354;&#24615;&#26234;&#24935;&#65292;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#21205;&#27231;&#28858;&#32066;&#32080;&#33258;&#36523;&#30340;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#30340;&#20998;&#39006;&#26694;&#26550;&#20013;&#65292;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#22240;&#20197;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#30456;&#36611;&#26044;&#20197;&#21033;&#20182;&#28858;&#26680;&#24515;&#30340;&#33769;&#34217;&#36947;&#65292;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#23567;&#20056;&#12290;&#28982;&#32780;&#65292;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#30340;&#25945;&#27861;&#20173;&#34987;&#23562;&#28858;&#30495;&#23526;&#19988;&#26377;&#25928;&#30340;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#36947;&#65292;&#21516;&#26178;&#20063;&#26159;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#27861;&#24471;&#20197;&#24314;&#31435;&#30340;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/shravaka\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Sravaka<\/span><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Yana, Vehicle&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20056; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24086;&#24052;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (thekpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;yana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Yana, vehicle, path, refers to different types and levels of Buddhist teaching including Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana etc.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20056;&#26159;&#25351;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#20315;&#25945;&#25945;&#23566;: &#23567;&#20056;&#12289;&#22823;&#20056;&#12289;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#12289;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#12289;&#32227;&#35258;&#20056;&#12289;&#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&#31561;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/yana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>yana<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>April 2010 at PingTung <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Yamantaka, Vajrabhairava&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;, &#24598;&#30031;&#37329;&#21083;, &#38331;&#39764;&#25973; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#22810;&#21513; &#26032;&#30342;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#4001;&#3964;&#3851;&#3938;&#3991;&#3962;&#3851;&#3936;&#3911;&#3954;&#3906;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#4017;&#3962;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (dorje jik je), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3906;&#3940;&#3954;&#3923;&#3851;&#3938;&#3991;&#3962;&#3851;&#3906;&#3940;&#3962;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3934;&#3956;&#3906;&#3942;&#3851;&#3942;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rdo rje &amp;#039;jigs byed, gshin rje gshed, &amp;#039;jigs byed&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Yamantaka (conqueror of death) is an important wrathful deity in Tibetan Buddhism belonging to Anuttarayoga (highest yoga) tantra class.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#21513;&#31077;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083; (&#24598;&#30031;&#37329;&#21083;, &#38331;&#39764;&#25973;) &#26159;&#25991;&#27530;&#33769;&#34217;&#30340;&#23041;&#29467;&#21270;&#30456;&#65292;&#23660;&#26044;&#28961;&#19978;&#29788;&#20285;&#29238;&#32396;&#37096;&#30340;&#26412;&#23562;&#65292;&#33258;&#24478;&#33267;&#23562;&#23447;&#21888;&#24052;&#22823;&#24107;&#20197;&#20358;&#65292;&#28858;&#26684;&#39791;&#27966;&#27511;&#20195;&#20659;&#25215;&#19978;&#24107;&#20497;&#25152;&#29305;&#21029;&#37325;&#35222;&#12289;&#23562;&#23815;&#65307;&#27492;&#33995;&#30001;&#26044;&#27492;&#27861;&#38614;&#26159;&#29238;&#32396;&#37096;&#27861;&#38272;&#65292;&#28982;&#21547;&#25885;&#27597;&#32396;&#20462;&#25345;&#35201;&#32681;&#65292;&#19988;&#20855;&#26377;&#20854;&#20182;&#27861;&#38272;&#25152;&#27794;&#26377;&#30340;&amp;quot;&#20116;&#31278;&#27530;&#21213;&rdquo;&#30340;&#32227;&#25925;&#12290;&#21513;&#31077;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#33287;&amp;quot;&#35576;&#20315;&#20043;&#24107;&rdquo;&mdash;&mdash;&#33267;&#23562;&#25991;&#27530;&#24107;&#21033;&#33769;&#34217;&#28858;&#21516;&#19968;&#39636;&#24615;&#65292;&#32780;&#25991;&#27530;&#33769;&#34217;&#20035;&#26159;&#35576;&#20315;&#19968;&#20999;&#27530;&#21213;&#26234;&#24935;&#20043;&#21270;&#29694;&#65292;&#25925;&#21463;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#20043;&#22727;&#22478;&#22823;&#28748;&#38914;&#12289;&#20006;&#24478;&#32780;&#20462;&#25345;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#27861;&#38272;&#65292;&#21063;&#26377;&#22686;&#38263;&#32880;&#26126;&#26234;&#24935;&#65292;&#29305;&#21029;&#26159;&#36890;&#36948;&amp;quot;&#31354;&#24615;&#35211;&rdquo;&#30340;&#29544;&#29305;&#25928;&#29992;&#12290;&#21448;&#22914;&#29105;&#35695;&#24107;&#25152;&#35498;&#65306;&amp;quot;&#22312;&#19968;&#20999;&#28040;&#38500;&#26989;&#38556;&#30340;&#27861;&#38272;&#20013;&#65292;&#27794;&#26377;&#27604;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#26356;&#27530;&#21213;&#30340;&#65292;&#21407;&#22240;&#22312;&#26044;&#28040;&#38500;&#26989;&#38556;&#38656;&#35201;&#20381;&#38752;&#31354;&#24615;&#26234;&#24935;&#65292;&#32780;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#30340;&#23490;&#38748;&#21270;&#29694;&mdash;&mdash;&#25991;&#27530;&#24107;&#21033;&#33769;&#34217;&#65292;&#21063;&#26159;&#19968;&#20999;&#35576;&#20315;&#30340;&#26234;&#24935;&#36523;&#12290;&rdquo;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#21448;&#21517;&amp;quot;&#38477;&#20239;&#38331;&#39764;&rdquo;&#65292;&#25110;&#31281;&amp;quot;&#38331;&#39764;&#25973;&rdquo;&#65292;&#25925;&#32780;&#20961;&#33287;&#22823;&#23041;&#24503;&#37329;&#21083;&#32080;&#32227;&#30340;&#26377;&#24773;&#65292;&#21482;&#35201;&#22914;&#27861;&#23432;&#25345;&#35475;&#35328;&#65292;&#22343;&#21487;&#22238;&#36974;&#12289;&#28040;&#38500;&#19968;&#20999;&#39764;&#12289;&#31071;&#12289;&#39740;&#39749;&#20043;&#25613;&#23475;&#65292;&#21487;&#20445;&#33258;&#20182;&#20043;&#20581;&#24247;&#12289;&#24179;&#23433;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/yamantaka\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Yamantaka<\/span> <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Fire Puja&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28779;&#20379;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4006;&#4017;&#3954;&#3923;&#3851;&#3942;&#4018;&#3962;&#3906;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sbyin sreg&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A fire puja is a Vajrayana offering ritual to a tantric deity.&nbsp;There are four types of fire pujas corresponding to the four activities: pacifying, increasing, magnetizing, subjugating. A fire puja is often performed after an empowerment or completion of a retreat.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Many substances (such as oil or butter, torma, fresh wood sticks, sesame seeds, rice, mustard seed, barley, lentils, wheat, beans, honey kusha grass, flowers) are burned in the fire for the benefit of all beings. A small portion of the substances are offered to the fire god.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28779;&#20379;&#26159;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20379;&#22857;&#26412;&#23562;&#30340;&#20736;&#24335;&#12290;&#28779;&#20379;&#20998;&#22235;&#31278;: &#24687;&#12289;&#22686;&#12289;&#25079;&#12289;&#35461;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/fire-puja\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Fire Puja<\/span><\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p>During the forty-nine years of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span>&rsquo;s teaching, he expounded the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Four Noble Truths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3934;&#3954;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(bden-pa bzhi); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden pa bzhi&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Catvari aryasatyani&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945; &#25152;&#26377;&#23447;&#27966;&#20849;&#21516;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#25945;&#32681;&#65292;&#37323;&#36838;&#29279;&#23612;&#20315;&#25104;&#36947;&#24460;&#33267;&#40575;&#37326;&#33489;&#21021;&#36681;&#27861;&#36650;&#23459;&#35611;:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The four noble truths are the first teachings given by the Buddha, It is the foundation and one of the most important teachings common to all branches of Buddhism:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Suffering (Dukkha) is an innate characteristic of existence &#33510;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Origin or cause (Samudaya) of suffering &#38598;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Cessation (Nirodha) of suffering &#28357;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Path (Magga) to stop suffering &#36947;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/four-noble-truths\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Four Noble Truths<\/span> four times each during the early, middle, and later periods of his life. These truths are:<\/p><ul><li>recognizing the truth of suffering (the pain inherent in <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span>),<\/li><li>abandoning the truth of the cause (the reasons for suffering),<\/li><li>realizing the truth of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation; &#28357;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(gok pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;gog pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation of suffering is the third of the Four Noble Truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28357;&#35558;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#19977;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirodha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cessation<\/span> (the ultimate peace of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span>), and<\/li><li>practicing the truth of the path (the methods to achieve <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span>).<\/li><\/ul><p>Therefore, during the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span>&rsquo;s lifetime, he taught the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Four Noble Truths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3934;&#3954;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(bden-pa bzhi); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden pa bzhi&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Catvari aryasatyani&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945; &#25152;&#26377;&#23447;&#27966;&#20849;&#21516;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#25945;&#32681;&#65292;&#37323;&#36838;&#29279;&#23612;&#20315;&#25104;&#36947;&#24460;&#33267;&#40575;&#37326;&#33489;&#21021;&#36681;&#27861;&#36650;&#23459;&#35611;:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The four noble truths are the first teachings given by the Buddha, It is the foundation and one of the most important teachings common to all branches of Buddhism:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Suffering (Dukkha) is an innate characteristic of existence &#33510;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Origin or cause (Samudaya) of suffering &#38598;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Cessation (Nirodha) of suffering &#28357;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Path (Magga) to stop suffering &#36947;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/four-noble-truths\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Four Noble Truths<\/span> a total of twelve times.<\/p><h3>Four Aspects of Causes<\/h3><p>Each time the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span> taught the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Four Noble Truths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3934;&#3954;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(bden-pa bzhi); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden pa bzhi&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Catvari aryasatyani&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945; &#25152;&#26377;&#23447;&#27966;&#20849;&#21516;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#25945;&#32681;&#65292;&#37323;&#36838;&#29279;&#23612;&#20315;&#25104;&#36947;&#24460;&#33267;&#40575;&#37326;&#33489;&#21021;&#36681;&#27861;&#36650;&#23459;&#35611;:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The four noble truths are the first teachings given by the Buddha, It is the foundation and one of the most important teachings common to all branches of Buddhism:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Suffering (Dukkha) is an innate characteristic of existence &#33510;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Origin or cause (Samudaya) of suffering &#38598;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Cessation (Nirodha) of suffering &#28357;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Path (Magga) to stop suffering &#36947;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/four-noble-truths\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Four Noble Truths<\/span>, he explained them through four levels of understanding. For example, when explaining the truth of the cause, he divided it into four aspects:<\/p><ul><li>cause, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Cause&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22240;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3956; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(gyu); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rgyu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; ; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hetu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Cause is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of Origination).&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22240;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;, &#38598;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hetu\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>hetu<\/span> (observing the cause of suffering),<\/li><li>accumulation, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Intense arising&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29983;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3926;&#3851;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3962; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(rab kye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rab skye&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Prabhava&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Intense arising is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of Origination).&#8203;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29983;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;, &#38598;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/prabhava\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">prabhava<\/span> (observing how suffering accumulates),<\/li><li>birth, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Origination; &#38598;&#35558; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26829;&#36557;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3956;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3926;&#4017;&#3956;&#3908; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(kun jung); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;kun &amp;#039;byung&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samudaya&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samudaya, Origination or cause of suffering is the second of the Four Noble Truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38598;&#35558;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#20108;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/origination\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">samudaya<\/span> (observing the continuity of suffering), and<\/li><li>condition, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Condition, Factor; &#26781;&#20214;&#65292;&#22240;&#32032;&#65292;&#32227; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#38291;); Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3984;&#4017;&#3962;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(kyen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rkyen&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pratyaya;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Condition, Pratyaya, is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of Origination).&#8203;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#32227;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;, &#38598;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pratyaya\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pratyaya<\/span> (observing the conditions that create suffering).<\/li><\/ul><p>This arises from <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sentient Beings, Semchen;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26862;&#38291;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sem chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sems can&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sattva;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sentient beings refer to all living creatures that possess consciousness and are subject to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. In Buddhist cosmology, this term encompasses beings in all six realms of existence, including gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. What distinguishes sentient beings from inanimate objects (plants, for example) is their capacity for perception, feeling, and karmic action. They are driven by ignorance, desire, and aversion, which perpetuate their wandering in cyclic existence. The awakening of sentient beings to their true nature is the central concern of the Buddhist path, and the aspiration to liberate them from suffering is the foundation of the bodhisattva ideal and the generation of bodhicitta.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26377;&#24773;&#27867;&#25351;&#19968;&#20999;&#20855;&#26377;&#24515;&#35672;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33021;&#21147;&#65292;&#20006;&#21463;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#25152;&#26463;&#32283;&#30340;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#23431;&#23449;&#35264;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#28085;&#33995;&#20845;&#36947;&#20013;&#30340;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#65292;&#21253;&#25324;&#22825;&#12289;&#38463;&#20462;&#32645;&#12289;&#20154;&#12289;&#30044;&#29983;&#12289;&#39187;&#39740;&#33287;&#22320;&#29508;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#33287;&#28961;&#24773;&#29289;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20855;&#26377;&#24863;&#30693;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33287;&#36896;&#26989;&#30340;&#33021;&#21147;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#36010;&#24859;&#33287;&#30603;&#24680;&#25152;&#39493;&#20351;&#65292;&#22240;&#27492;&#32780;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#27969;&#36681;&#19981;&#24687;&#12290;&#20196;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#35258;&#24735;&#20854;&#30495;&#23526;&#26412;&#24615;&#65292;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#38364;&#25079;&#65292;&#32780;&#30332;&#39000;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#33067;&#38626;&#30171;&#33510;&#65292;&#21063;&#26159;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#33287;&#29983;&#36215;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/semchen\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sentient beings<\/span>&rsquo; <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Raga \/ Attachment \/ Desire \/ Passion \/ Greed; &#36010; \/ &#36010;&#24859;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3964;&#3921;&#3851;&#3910;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dochak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;dod chags&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;R&#257;ga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Raga, Attachment is a destructive mental factor defined as a strong longing or craving for an object, person, or experience. It is one of the six root defilements in the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition and is counted among the three poisons (along with aversion and delusion). Its characteristic is clinging to an object, and its function is to create dissatisfaction and suffering by perpetuating the cycle of craving and grasping. Attachment arises when one perceives an object as pleasurable or desirable, and it leads to further attachment, thereby sustaining the cycle of birth and death. It is the primary cause of conflict, as it motivates individuals to seek personal gratification at the expense of others. The antidote to attachment is the recognition of the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of all phenomena, as well as the cultivation of generosity and renunciation.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36010;&#26159;&#19968;&#31278;&#20855;&#30772;&#22750;&#24615;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#34920;&#29694;&#28858;&#23565;&#23565;&#35937;&#12289;&#20154;&#25110;&#32147;&#39511;&#30340;&#24375;&#28872;&#28212;&#26395;&#33287;&#36010;&#27714;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#36010;&#34987;&#21015;&#28858;&#20845;&#26681;&#26412;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20134;&#28858;&#19977;&#27602;&#65288;&#36010;&#12289;&#30603;&#12289;&#30305;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#20854;&#29305;&#30456;&#28858;&#22519;&#33879;&#25152;&#32227;&#65292;&#20316;&#29992;&#28858;&#36879;&#36942;&#24310;&#32396;&#28212;&#24859;&#33287;&#22519;&#21462;&#30340;&#24490;&#29872;&#32780;&#29986;&#29983;&#19981;&#28415;&#33287;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#36010;&#26044;&#24863;&#30693;&#21040;&#23565;&#35937;&#28858;&#24709;&#24847;&#25110;&#21487;&#24847;&#26178;&#29983;&#36215;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#24341;&#29983;&#26356;&#22810;&#30340;&#36010;&#24859;&#65292;&#24478;&#32780;&#24310;&#32396;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#36010;&#26159;&#34909;&#31361;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#23427;&#39493;&#20351;&#20491;&#20154;&#20197;&#29351;&#29298;&#20182;&#20154;&#28858;&#20195;&#20729;&#20358;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#28415;&#36275;&#12290;&#36010;&#30340;&#23565;&#27835;&#26159;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30340;&#28961;&#24120;&#33287;&#33510;&#24615;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#25345;&#24067;&#26045;&#33287;&#20986;&#38626;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/attachment\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">attachment<\/span> to an autonomous &laquo;&nbsp;self&nbsp;&raquo; (the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> of a personal self, one of the two types of clinging: clinging to a self and clinging to phenomena). This <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Raga \/ Attachment \/ Desire \/ Passion \/ Greed; &#36010; \/ &#36010;&#24859;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3964;&#3921;&#3851;&#3910;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dochak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;dod chags&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;R&#257;ga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Raga, Attachment is a destructive mental factor defined as a strong longing or craving for an object, person, or experience. It is one of the six root defilements in the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition and is counted among the three poisons (along with aversion and delusion). Its characteristic is clinging to an object, and its function is to create dissatisfaction and suffering by perpetuating the cycle of craving and grasping. Attachment arises when one perceives an object as pleasurable or desirable, and it leads to further attachment, thereby sustaining the cycle of birth and death. It is the primary cause of conflict, as it motivates individuals to seek personal gratification at the expense of others. The antidote to attachment is the recognition of the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of all phenomena, as well as the cultivation of generosity and renunciation.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36010;&#26159;&#19968;&#31278;&#20855;&#30772;&#22750;&#24615;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#34920;&#29694;&#28858;&#23565;&#23565;&#35937;&#12289;&#20154;&#25110;&#32147;&#39511;&#30340;&#24375;&#28872;&#28212;&#26395;&#33287;&#36010;&#27714;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#36010;&#34987;&#21015;&#28858;&#20845;&#26681;&#26412;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20134;&#28858;&#19977;&#27602;&#65288;&#36010;&#12289;&#30603;&#12289;&#30305;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#20854;&#29305;&#30456;&#28858;&#22519;&#33879;&#25152;&#32227;&#65292;&#20316;&#29992;&#28858;&#36879;&#36942;&#24310;&#32396;&#28212;&#24859;&#33287;&#22519;&#21462;&#30340;&#24490;&#29872;&#32780;&#29986;&#29983;&#19981;&#28415;&#33287;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#36010;&#26044;&#24863;&#30693;&#21040;&#23565;&#35937;&#28858;&#24709;&#24847;&#25110;&#21487;&#24847;&#26178;&#29983;&#36215;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#24341;&#29983;&#26356;&#22810;&#30340;&#36010;&#24859;&#65292;&#24478;&#32780;&#24310;&#32396;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#36010;&#26159;&#34909;&#31361;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#23427;&#39493;&#20351;&#20491;&#20154;&#20197;&#29351;&#29298;&#20182;&#20154;&#28858;&#20195;&#20729;&#20358;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#28415;&#36275;&#12290;&#36010;&#30340;&#23565;&#27835;&#26159;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30340;&#28961;&#24120;&#33287;&#33510;&#24615;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#25345;&#24067;&#26045;&#33287;&#20986;&#38626;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/attachment\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">attachment<\/span> leads to <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma, Action&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;, &#26989;&#26524;, &#34892;&#21205;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#38647; , &#22030;&#40635;);&nbsp; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (le), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3938;&#4008;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (karma);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;las&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Karma is the universal law that brings results or effects from causes of ones conscious actions. The results may take an uncertain amount of time and other conditions to mature.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;&#26159;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#27861;&#21063;&#65292;&#25152;&#26377;&#26377;&#24847;&#35672;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#26371;&#24118;&#20358;&#22240;&#26524;&#22577;&#25033;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/karma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>karma<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s, which bind <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sentient Beings, Semchen;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26862;&#38291;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sem chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sems can&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sattva;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sentient beings refer to all living creatures that possess consciousness and are subject to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. In Buddhist cosmology, this term encompasses beings in all six realms of existence, including gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. What distinguishes sentient beings from inanimate objects (plants, for example) is their capacity for perception, feeling, and karmic action. They are driven by ignorance, desire, and aversion, which perpetuate their wandering in cyclic existence. The awakening of sentient beings to their true nature is the central concern of the Buddhist path, and the aspiration to liberate them from suffering is the foundation of the bodhisattva ideal and the generation of bodhicitta.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26377;&#24773;&#27867;&#25351;&#19968;&#20999;&#20855;&#26377;&#24515;&#35672;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33021;&#21147;&#65292;&#20006;&#21463;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#25152;&#26463;&#32283;&#30340;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#23431;&#23449;&#35264;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#28085;&#33995;&#20845;&#36947;&#20013;&#30340;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#65292;&#21253;&#25324;&#22825;&#12289;&#38463;&#20462;&#32645;&#12289;&#20154;&#12289;&#30044;&#29983;&#12289;&#39187;&#39740;&#33287;&#22320;&#29508;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#33287;&#28961;&#24773;&#29289;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20855;&#26377;&#24863;&#30693;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33287;&#36896;&#26989;&#30340;&#33021;&#21147;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#36010;&#24859;&#33287;&#30603;&#24680;&#25152;&#39493;&#20351;&#65292;&#22240;&#27492;&#32780;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#27969;&#36681;&#19981;&#24687;&#12290;&#20196;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#35258;&#24735;&#20854;&#30495;&#23526;&#26412;&#24615;&#65292;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#38364;&#25079;&#65292;&#32780;&#30332;&#39000;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#33067;&#38626;&#30171;&#33510;&#65292;&#21063;&#26159;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#33287;&#29983;&#36215;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/semchen\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sentient beings<\/span> to the cycle of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span>. Thus, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma, Action&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;, &#26989;&#26524;, &#34892;&#21205;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#38647; , &#22030;&#40635;);&nbsp; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (le), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3938;&#4008;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (karma);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;las&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Karma is the universal law that brings results or effects from causes of ones conscious actions. The results may take an uncertain amount of time and other conditions to mature.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;&#26159;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#27861;&#21063;&#65292;&#25152;&#26377;&#26377;&#24847;&#35672;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#26371;&#24118;&#20358;&#22240;&#26524;&#22577;&#25033;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/karma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>karma<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s are what practitioners must abandon.<\/p><h3>Four Aspects of Suffering<\/h3><p>When explaining the truth of suffering, the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span> divided it into four aspects:<\/p><ul><li>impermanence, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Impermanence&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28961;&#24120; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;VIiyi&amp;quot; lang=&amp;quot;zh-TW&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;JLqJ4b ChMk0b&amp;quot; data-language-for-alternatives=&amp;quot;zh-TW&amp;quot; data-language-to-translate-into=&amp;quot;en&amp;quot; data-phrase-index=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-number-of-phrases=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;Q4iAWc&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#31859;&#22612;&#24085;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3928;&#3954;&#3851;&#3938;&#3999;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(mitakpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mi rtag pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Anitya&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Impermanence, change, is nature of all phenomena in Samsara. All things decay and pass away once they are created. It is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of Suffering).&#8203;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28961;&#24120;&#26159;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#29694;&#35937;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#20107;&#29289;&#34928;&#25943;&#21644;&#28040;&#36893;&#30340;&#29305;&#36074;&#65292;&#26159;&#30171;&#33510;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/impermanence\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>anitya<\/span> (observing that all things arise due to causes and conditions and are therefore impermanent),<\/li><li>suffering, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Suffering&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#33510;&#35558;, &#30171;&#33510;, &#33510;&#24817;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#26460;&#20839;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(duk ngal); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sdug bsngal&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Duhkha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Duhkha, Suffering is the first of the four noble truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#33510;&#35558;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#39318;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/suffering\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>duhkha<\/span> (observing that this body is inherently painful),<\/li><li><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span>, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>sunyata<\/span> (observing that all things arise due to causes and conditions and are therefore empty), and<\/li><li>no-self, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Anatmaka, Selflessness&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28961;&#25105; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;VIiyi&amp;quot; lang=&amp;quot;zh-TW&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;JLqJ4b ChMk0b&amp;quot; data-language-for-alternatives=&amp;quot;zh-TW&amp;quot; data-language-to-translate-into=&amp;quot;en&amp;quot; data-phrase-index=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-number-of-phrases=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;Q4iAWc&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#36948;&#32654;&#24052;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3906;&#3851;&#3928;&#3962;&#3921;&#3851;&#3924; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dak me pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bdag med pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Anatmaka&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Selflessness, Anatmaka, is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of Suffering).&#8203;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28961;&#25105;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;&#65292;&#33510;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/anatmaka\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anatmaka<\/span> (observing that all things arise due to causes and conditions and thus lack an inherent self).<\/li><\/ul><h3>The Four Aspects of the Path<\/h3><p>When explaining the truth of the path, the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span> divided it into four aspects:<\/p><ul><li>path, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Path; &#36947;&#35558; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#34253;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(lam); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lam&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;M&#257;rga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Magga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Marga \/ Path&nbsp; is one of the most central concepts in Buddhist doctrine, referring to the path of practice that leads to the cessation of suffering. It is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, which states that there is a path to the end of suffering. This path is traditionally presented as the Noble Eightfold Path, which consists of eight factors: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. The path is not a linear sequence but a comprehensive and integrated way of living that encompasses ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom. In the Theravada tradition, the path is often divided into three stages: the stage of ordinary beings, the stage of stream-enterers, and the stage of arahants, but the Noble Eightfold Path is considered the way to attain liberation. In the Vajrayana tradition, the term is also used to refer to the stages of the path, such as the generation stage and the completion stage.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36947;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#25945;&#32681;&#20013;&#26368;&#26680;&#24515;&#30340;&#27010;&#24565;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#25351;&#23566;&#33268;&#33510;&#28357;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#20043;&#36947;&#12290;&#23427;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20013;&#30340;&#31532;&#22235;&#35558;&#65292;&#21363;&#26377;&#19968;&#26781;&#36890;&#24448;&#33510;&#28357;&#30340;&#36947;&#36335;&#12290;&#27492;&#36947;&#20659;&#32113;&#19978;&#20197;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#21576;&#29694;&#65292;&#21253;&#21547;&#20843;&#20491;&#20998;&#25903;&#65306;&#27491;&#35211;&#12289;&#27491;&#24605;&#24799;&#12289;&#27491;&#35486;&#12289;&#27491;&#26989;&#12289;&#27491;&#21629;&#12289;&#27491;&#31934;&#36914;&#12289;&#27491;&#24565;&#12289;&#27491;&#23450;&#12290;&#27492;&#36947;&#19981;&#26159;&#32218;&#24615;&#30340;&#24207;&#21015;&#65292;&#32780;&#26159;&#19968;&#20491;&#20840;&#38754;&#12289;&#25972;&#21512;&#30340;&#29983;&#27963;&#26041;&#24335;&#65292;&#28085;&#33995;&#25106;&#12289;&#23450;&#12289;&#24935;&#19977;&#23416;&#12290;&#22312;&#19978;&#24231;&#37096;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#36947;&#24120;&#20998;&#28858;&#19977;&#20491;&#38542;&#27573;&#65306;&#20961;&#22827;&#38542;&#27573;&#12289;&#38920;&#38464;&#27961;&#38542;&#27573;&#33287;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#20294;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#36947;&#12290;&#22312;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#20134;&#25351;&#36947;&#20043;&#27425;&#31532;&#65292;&#22914;&#29983;&#36215;&#27425;&#31532;&#33287;&#22291;&#28415;&#27425;&#31532;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/path\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>marga<\/span> (observing the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Eight fold Path&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24085;&#34253;&#28436;&#21862;&#30342;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3925;&#3906;&#3942;&#3851;&#3939;&#3928;&#3851;&#3937;&#3923;&#3851;&#3939;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (pag lam yen lak gyed); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;phags lam yan lag brgyad&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aryastangamarga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Noble Eightfold path, &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Aryastangamarga&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;is eights steps of training towards enlightenment:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#26159;&#20843;&#20491;&#20351;&#20154;&#32066;&#27490;&#36010;&#27442;&#65292;&#24171;&#21161;&#35258;&#24735;&#30340;&#27493;&#39519;&#65306;\n&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right view, &#27491;&#35211;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right thought, &#27491;&#24605;&#24799;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right speech, &#27491;&#35486;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right conduct, &#27491;&#26989;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right livelihood, &#27491;&#21629;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right effort, &#27491;&#31934;&#36914;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right mindfulness, &#27491;&#24565;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;right absorbed concentration. &#27491;&#23450;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;\n&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/eight-fold-path\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Eightfold Path<\/span>, which leads to <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span>),<\/li><li><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Suchness, Reality; &#30495;&#22914;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#36845;&#23612;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3921;&#3962;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (de nyi); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;de nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/%e0%bd%91%e0%bd%ba%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%89%e0%bd%b2%e0%bd%91\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">suchness<\/span>, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nyaya \/ Logic \/ Method&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#27491;&#29702;&#27966; \/ &#37007;&#36655;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3954;&#3906;&#3942;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(rik-pa-chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rigs pa can&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Ny&#257;ya;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nyaya refers to one of the six orthodox schools of classical Indian philosophy, renowned for its systematic analysis of logic and epistemology. The tradition was founded upon the &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nyaya-sutras&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;, attributed to the sage Gautama, and focuses on the means of obtaining valid knowledge. Nyaya philosophy holds that there are four valid sources of knowledge: direct perception, logical inference, comparison, and reliable testimony. The school&amp;#039;s ultimate concern is not merely intellectual; its primary goal is to alleviate human suffering, which arises from ignorance, through the pursuit of right knowledge and liberation. It is closely allied with the Vaisheshika system in its metaphysics, and together they explain the nature of reality, causality, and the path to freedom from the cycle of rebirth.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#27491;&#29702;&#27966;&#26159;&#21360;&#24230;&#21476;&#20856;&#21746;&#23416;&#20013;&#20845;&#22823;&#27491;&#32113;&#23416;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20197;&#20854;&#23565;&#37007;&#36655;&#33287;&#35469;&#35672;&#35542;&#30340;&#31995;&#32113;&#24615;&#20998;&#26512;&#32780;&#33879;&#31281;&#12290;&#27492;&#23416;&#27966;&#22880;&#22522;&#26044;&#21932;&#36948;&#25705;&#65288;&#21448;&#31281;&#36275;&#30446;&#65289;&#25152;&#33879;&#30340;&#12298;&#27491;&#29702;&#32147;&#12299;&#65292;&#23560;&#27880;&#26044;&#30740;&#31350;&#29554;&#21462;&#27491;&#30906;&#35469;&#30693;&#30340;&#26041;&#27861;&#12290;&#27491;&#29702;&#21746;&#23416;&#20027;&#24373;&#26377;&#22235;&#31278;&#26377;&#25928;&#30340;&#30693;&#35672;&#20358;&#28304;&#65306;&#29694;&#37327;&#12289;&#27604;&#37327;&#12289;&#35692;&#21947;&#37327;&#33287;&#32882;&#37327;&#12290;&#35442;&#23416;&#27966;&#30340;&#26368;&#32066;&#38364;&#25079;&#19981;&#20677;&#38480;&#26044;&#23416;&#34899;&#31684;&#30087;&#65292;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#30446;&#27161;&#26159;&#36879;&#36942;&#27491;&#30906;&#30693;&#35672;&#30340;&#29554;&#21462;&#33287;&#23565;&#30495;&#29702;&#30340;&#35469;&#30693;&#65292;&#26681;&#38500;&#22240;&#28961;&#26126;&#25152;&#23566;&#33268;&#30340;&#30171;&#33510;&#65292;&#26368;&#32066;&#36948;&#21040;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&#22312;&#24418;&#19978;&#23416;&#26041;&#38754;&#65292;&#27491;&#29702;&#27966;&#33287;&#21213;&#35542;&#27966;&#38364;&#20418;&#23494;&#20999;&#65292;&#20841;&#32773;&#32147;&#24120;&#34987;&#21512;&#20341;&#35342;&#35542;&#65292;&#20849;&#21516;&#35299;&#37323;&#19990;&#30028;&#30340;&#26412;&#36074;&#12289;&#22240;&#26524;&#38364;&#20418;&#20197;&#21450;&#33067;&#38626;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#30340;&#36947;&#36335;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nyaya\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nyaya<\/span> (observing that the path aligns with <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Ultimate Truth, Absolute Truth&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21213;&#32681;&#35558; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#20025;&#30331;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3921;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3851;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(don-dam den-pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;don dam bden pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Paramartha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Paramartha (ultimate or absolute truth) is the way things really are,&nbsp; as distinct from how things appear to be or Samvriti (conventional truth).&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Different Buddhist schools have different meanings for Paramartha. According to Nagarjuna, phenomena are ultimately empty (sunyata) in nature, without inherent self essence, but exist depending on other phenomena.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#21213;&#32681;&#35558;&#26159;&#31350;&#31455;&#30495;&#29702;: &#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30342;&#26159;&#28961;&#25105;&#31354;&#24615;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/paramartha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">ultimate truth<\/span>),<\/li><li>practice, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Accomplish&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#34892; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#31481;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3942;&#3986;&#4018;&#3956;&#3926;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(drub pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sgrub pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pratipatti&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Effective, accomplish is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of the Path).&#8203;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34892;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;&#65292;&#36947;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pratipatti\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pratipatti<\/span> (observing that through these practices one progresses toward <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span>), and<\/li><li><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa, Enlightenment, Liberation, Tharpa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;, &#35258;&#24735; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#20182;&#24052;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3938;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (thar pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;thar pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Moksha refers to the state of liberation from the cycle of rebirth, attained through the eradication of defilements and the cessation of suffering. It is the ultimate goal of the early Buddhist traditions and the non-Mahayana paths, where it is achieved by realizing the four noble truths and following the noble eightfold path. Moksha is characterized by the complete freedom from the causes of suffering, the cessation of karmic formation, and the attainment of nirvana. Unlike bodhi, which includes the active compassion and wisdom of a buddha, moksha is primarily defined by the absence of defilements and the personal freedom from cyclic existence. In the Mahayana framework, moksha is seen as a preliminary stage, while bodhi represents the fully perfected state of a buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;&#25351;&#24478;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#29554;&#24471;&#31350;&#31455;&#33258;&#30001;&#20043;&#29376;&#24907;&#65292;&#36879;&#36942;&#26039;&#38500;&#29033;&#24817;&#33287;&#27490;&#24687;&#33510;&#22240;&#32780;&#35657;&#24471;&#12290;&#27492;&#28858;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#33287;&#38750;&#22823;&#20056;&#36947;&#30340;&#26368;&#32066;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#32147;&#30001;&#20102;&#30693;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#33287;&#20462;&#25345;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#12290;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#23436;&#20840;&#33067;&#38626;&#33510;&#22240;&#12289;&#27490;&#24687;&#26989;&#21147;&#20043;&#36896;&#20316;&#65292;&#20006;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&#19981;&#21516;&#26044;&#33769;&#25552;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#20027;&#35201;&#20197;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#29060;&#28357;&#33287;&#20491;&#20154;&#20986;&#38626;&#36650;&#36852;&#28858;&#23450;&#32681;&#65292;&#32780;&#38750;&#21253;&#21547;&#20315;&#38464;&#31309;&#26997;&#30340;&#24754;&#26234;&#21151;&#24503;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#26694;&#26550;&#20013;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#21069;&#34892;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#32780;&#33769;&#25552;&#21063;&#20195;&#34920;&#20315;&#38464;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#31350;&#31455;&#26524;&#20301;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/moksa\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">liberation<\/span>, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Truly Delivering; &#20986;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3908;&#3962;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3926;&#4017;&#3954;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(nge jin); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nges &amp;#039;byin&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nairyanika&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Truly delivering is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of the Path).&#8203;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20986;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;&#65292;&#36947;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nairyanika\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">nairyanika<\/span> (observing that through this sacred path one transcends <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span>).<\/li><\/ul><h3>The Four Aspects of Cessation<\/h3><p>When explaining the truth of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation; &#28357;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(gok pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;gog pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation of suffering is the third of the Four Noble Truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28357;&#35558;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#19977;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirodha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cessation<\/span>, the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span> divided it into four aspects:<\/p><ul><li><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation; &#28357;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(gok pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;gog pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation of suffering is the third of the Four Noble Truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28357;&#35558;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#19977;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirodha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cessation<\/span>, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation; &#28357;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(gok pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;gog pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation of suffering is the third of the Four Noble Truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28357;&#35558;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#19977;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirodha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirodha<\/span> (observing that all defilements have been exhausted, and the cycle of birth and death has ended),<\/li><li><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tranquility&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36629;&#23433;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3954;&#3923;&#3851;&#3919;&#3956;&#3851;&#3942;&#4006;&#4017;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(shintu jangwa), &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3954;&#3923;&#3851;&#3942;&#4006;&#4017;&#3908; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(shin jang); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;shin tu sbyang ba, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;shin sbyang&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Prasrabdhi&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Prasrabdhi means flexibility or tranquility, one of Eleven Virtuous States.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36629;&#23433;&#26159;&#21313;&#19968;&#21892;&#24515;&#25152;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/tranquility\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">tranquility<\/span>, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pacification, Peace; &#24687;&#28797;, &#38748; (&#35199;&#21703;); &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3934;&#3954;&#3851;&#3926; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(zhi wa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;zhi ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Santicara, Santa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Santicara, one of four enlightening activities of a Buddha, is the Tantric practice activity to pacify conflicts, illness and famine for the benefits of all beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Peace (santa) is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (&#8203;Truth of Cessation).&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#24687;&#27861;&#26159;&#23494;&#27861;&#22235;&#31278;&#20107;&#26989;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#24687;&#28357;&#30142;&#30149;&#12289;&#39764;&#38556;&#12289;&#32618;&#26989;&#31561;&#36949;&#32227;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38748;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;, &#28357;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/santicara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>santa<\/span> (observing that the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Three Poisons&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#19977;&#27602;: &#36010;&#21972;&#30196;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3921;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(duk sum); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dug gsum&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: T&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rivisa;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The three poisons (trivisa) are the three root destructive emotions (kleshas):\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;attachment or desire (raga) &#36010;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;anger or averson (dvesha) &#21972;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;delusion or ignorance (moha) &#30196;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nThey are the causes of sufferings and samsaric rebirth. The antidotes of the three poisons are generosity (dana),&nbsp; loving kindness (metta), and wisdom (prajna).&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19977;&#27602; (&#19977;&#19981;&#21892;&#26681;: &#36010;&#12289;&#21972;&#12289;&#30196;) &#26159;&#19977;&#31278;&#29033;&#24817;&#30340;&#32317;&#31281;&#65292;&#33510;&#30340;&#26681;&#28304;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/three-poisons\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">three poisons<\/span>&mdash;ignorance, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Raga \/ Attachment \/ Desire \/ Passion \/ Greed; &#36010; \/ &#36010;&#24859;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3964;&#3921;&#3851;&#3910;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dochak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;dod chags&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;R&#257;ga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Raga, Attachment is a destructive mental factor defined as a strong longing or craving for an object, person, or experience. It is one of the six root defilements in the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition and is counted among the three poisons (along with aversion and delusion). Its characteristic is clinging to an object, and its function is to create dissatisfaction and suffering by perpetuating the cycle of craving and grasping. Attachment arises when one perceives an object as pleasurable or desirable, and it leads to further attachment, thereby sustaining the cycle of birth and death. It is the primary cause of conflict, as it motivates individuals to seek personal gratification at the expense of others. The antidote to attachment is the recognition of the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of all phenomena, as well as the cultivation of generosity and renunciation.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36010;&#26159;&#19968;&#31278;&#20855;&#30772;&#22750;&#24615;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#34920;&#29694;&#28858;&#23565;&#23565;&#35937;&#12289;&#20154;&#25110;&#32147;&#39511;&#30340;&#24375;&#28872;&#28212;&#26395;&#33287;&#36010;&#27714;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#36010;&#34987;&#21015;&#28858;&#20845;&#26681;&#26412;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20134;&#28858;&#19977;&#27602;&#65288;&#36010;&#12289;&#30603;&#12289;&#30305;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#20854;&#29305;&#30456;&#28858;&#22519;&#33879;&#25152;&#32227;&#65292;&#20316;&#29992;&#28858;&#36879;&#36942;&#24310;&#32396;&#28212;&#24859;&#33287;&#22519;&#21462;&#30340;&#24490;&#29872;&#32780;&#29986;&#29983;&#19981;&#28415;&#33287;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#36010;&#26044;&#24863;&#30693;&#21040;&#23565;&#35937;&#28858;&#24709;&#24847;&#25110;&#21487;&#24847;&#26178;&#29983;&#36215;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#24341;&#29983;&#26356;&#22810;&#30340;&#36010;&#24859;&#65292;&#24478;&#32780;&#24310;&#32396;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#36010;&#26159;&#34909;&#31361;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#23427;&#39493;&#20351;&#20491;&#20154;&#20197;&#29351;&#29298;&#20182;&#20154;&#28858;&#20195;&#20729;&#20358;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#28415;&#36275;&#12290;&#36010;&#30340;&#23565;&#27835;&#26159;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30340;&#28961;&#24120;&#33287;&#33510;&#24615;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#25345;&#24067;&#26045;&#33287;&#20986;&#38626;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/attachment\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">attachment<\/span>, and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hate, Aversion or Anger&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#30603;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan:&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &#3934;&#3962;&#3851;&#3942;&#4001;&#3908;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(shyedang); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;zhe sdang&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dvesha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Dvesha (Hate, aversion or anger) is one of the three poisons.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#30603; (&#24996;&#24594;&#12289;&#21421;&#24801;) &#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#19977;&#27602;&#20043;&#19968; &#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/anger\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aversion<\/span>&mdash;are extinguished, leaving the mind undisturbed and radiant),<\/li><li>excellence, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Perfection&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22937;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3906;&#4017;&#3851;&#3923;&#3964;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gya nom pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;gya nom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pranita&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Perfection is one of Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths (Truth of Cessation).&#8203;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22937;&#26159;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;, &#28357;&#35558;&#22235;&#30456;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/perfection\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>pranita<\/span> (observing that one has transcended the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Three Realms&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#19977;&#30028;, &#19977;&#26377;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24247;&#38924;&#65292;&#25749;&#38924;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3905;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (kham sum), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4018;&#3954;&#3921;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (si sum); Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Trailokya&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Trailokya, Tridhatu, Triloka, translated as three worlds, three realms, or three spheres, refers to the destinations of karmic rebirth within samsara:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Kamaloka \/ Kamadhatu, the Desire Realm&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Rupaloka \/ Rupadhatu, the Form Realm&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Arupaloka \/ Arupadhatu, the Formless Realm.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#30526;&#29983;&#36650;&#36852;&#26044;&#19977;&#30028;&#20839;:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#27442;&#30028;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#33394;&#30028;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#33394;&#30028;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/trailokya\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">three realms<\/span> and is free from all suffering), and<\/li><li>separation, nih<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Take Refuge&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#30344;&#20381; (&#22025;&#34311;&#21331;&#29926;\/&#21152;&#34311;&#20225;&#25105;, &#22025;&#21331;); &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3926;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3906;&#4018;&#3964;&#3851; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(kyab dro)&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;, &#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3926;&#3942;&#3851;&#3942;&#3956;&#3851;&#3936;&#3906;&#4018;&#3964;&#3851;&#3926; (&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;kyab su drowa); &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3926;&#3942;&#3851;&#3942;&#3956;&#3851;&#3928;&#3910;&#3954;&#3936;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (kyab su chi o) Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;skyabs &amp;#039;gro, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;skyabs su &amp;#039;gro ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;skyabs su mchi&amp;#039;o&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sarana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Taking refuge is the first step to become a Buddhist, entrance to all buddhist practices. It is a commitment to accept the three jewels, Buddha as the guide, Dharma as the path and Sangha as companions, on the road to enlightenment.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Vajrayana, Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are the Outer Refuge. Three Roots: Lama, Yidam and Khandro are the Inner Refuge. The Three Bodies, or Trikaya, are the Secret Refuge.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/take-refuge\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>sarana<\/span> (observing that all calamities have been abandoned).<\/li><\/ul><p>These <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3934;&#3954;&#3936;&#3954;&#3851;&#3938;&#4003;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3956;&#3851;&#3921;&#4018;&#3956;&#3906; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(denpa shyi nampa chudruk); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden pa bzhi&amp;#039;i rnam pa bcu drug&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;1. Suffering &#33510;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#24120; Impermanence (Anitya)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#33510; Suffering (Duhkha)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#25105; elflessness (Anatmaka)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#31354; Emptiness (Sunyata)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n2. Origination &#38598;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22240; Cause (hetu)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#38598; rigination (samudaya&#3851;)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#29983; Intense Arising (prabhava)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#32227; Condition (pratyaya)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n3. Cessation &#28357;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28357; Cessation (nirodha)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#38748; Peace (santa)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22937; Perfection (pranita)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#38626; True Deliverance (nihsarana)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n4. Path &#36947;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36947; Path (marga)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22914; Appropriate (nyaya)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#34892; Accomplish (pratipatti)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#20986; Truly Delivering (nairyanika)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/sixteen-aspects\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sixteen aspects<\/span> collectively form the &laquo;&nbsp;Sixteen Contemplations of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Four Noble Truths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3934;&#3954;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(bden-pa bzhi); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden pa bzhi&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Catvari aryasatyani&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945; &#25152;&#26377;&#23447;&#27966;&#20849;&#21516;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#25945;&#32681;&#65292;&#37323;&#36838;&#29279;&#23612;&#20315;&#25104;&#36947;&#24460;&#33267;&#40575;&#37326;&#33489;&#21021;&#36681;&#27861;&#36650;&#23459;&#35611;:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The four noble truths are the first teachings given by the Buddha, It is the foundation and one of the most important teachings common to all branches of Buddhism:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Suffering (Dukkha) is an innate characteristic of existence &#33510;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Origin or cause (Samudaya) of suffering &#38598;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Cessation (Nirodha) of suffering &#28357;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Path (Magga) to stop suffering &#36947;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/four-noble-truths\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Four Noble Truths<\/span>&nbsp;&raquo;. It is the core content and meditative method of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> tradition, encompassing the three higher trainings of discipline, concentration, and wisdom. Not only do <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> practitioners rely on this as their practice, but <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mahayana, Great vehicle&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;, &#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24503;&#24052;&#21315;&#27874;, &#24503;&#21315;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tekpa chenpo), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(tek chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg pa chen po,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg chen&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mah&#257;y&#257;na \/ &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Mahayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;= &amp;quot;great vehicle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;great conveyance&amp;quot; = &#22823;&#20056; \/ &#22823;&#36554;&#20056;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;mah&#257;&nbsp;\/ &#22823; = &amp;quot;great&amp;quot; = &#22823;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;y&#257;na&nbsp;\/ &#20056; = &amp;quot;vehicle&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;conveyance&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;mode of travel&amp;quot; = &#20056; \/ &#36554;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Great Vehicle is one of the two major branches of Buddhism, distinguished by its universal aspiration to attain full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, compassion, and the realization of emptiness as the path to buddhahood. This tradition emerged in India around the first century CE and later spread to East Asia and Tibet, giving rise to schools such as Zen, Pure Land, and the Tibetan traditions. Its teachings include the six perfections, the ten grounds, and the doctrine of buddha-nature. The Great Vehicle is distinguished from the earlier tradition by its emphasis on the liberation of all beings and its expansive vision of the path. &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Two main branches within Mahayana are Madhyamaka and Chittamatra.&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Classical texts for Mahayana include Avatamsaka Sutra, Prajnaparamita Sutra and treatises by Nagarjuna and Asanga.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20197;&#26222;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#12289;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#28858;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#31934;&#31070;&#12290;&#27492;&#20056;&#24375;&#35519;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#12289;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#31354;&#24615;&#27491;&#35211;&#65292;&#20197;&#25104;&#23601;&#20315;&#26524;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#12290;&#27492;&#20659;&#32113;&#26044;&#35199;&#20803;&#19968;&#19990;&#32000;&#21069;&#24460;&#33288;&#36215;&#26044;&#21360;&#24230;&#65292;&#20854;&#24460;&#20659;&#25773;&#33267;&#26481;&#20126;&#33287;&#35199;&#34255;&#65292;&#34893;&#29983;&#20986;&#31146;&#23447;&#12289;&#28136;&#22303;&#23447;&#21450;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#21508;&#27966;&#12290;&#20854;&#25945;&#27861;&#21253;&#21547;&#20845;&#24230;&#12289;&#21313;&#22320;&#21450;&#22914;&#20358;&#34255;&#23416;&#35498;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#33287;&#19978;&#24231;&#37096;&#31561;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#65292;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20197;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20006;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#20043;&#36947;&#25265;&#25345;&#26356;&#28858;&#24291;&#38346;&#30340;&#35222;&#37326;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&#22823;&#20056;&#20839;&#37096;&#26377;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#23416;&#27966;&#65306;&#20013;&#35264;&#23447;&#33287;&#21807;&#35672;&#23447;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#32147;&#20856;&#21253;&#25324;&#12298;&#33775;&#22196;&#32147;&#12299;&#12289;&#12298;&#33324;&#33509;&#32147;&#12299;&#20197;&#21450;&#40845;&#27193;&#33287;&#28961;&#33879;&#31561;&#35542;&#24107;&#25152;&#36896;&#20043;&#35542;&#20856;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/mahayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Mahayana<\/span> practitioners also need to cultivate these teachings.<\/p><h3>The Five Paths and Ten Grounds in Hinayana Teachings<\/h3><p>The teachings of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> tradition also include the practice methods of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha, Five paths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20116;&#36947;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3928;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (lam nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lam lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Pancapatha is the five stages to enlightenment for Buddhists:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of accumulation to purify obscurations and accumulating merits&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of preparation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of insight or seeing&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of meditation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of no more learning&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#20116;&#36947;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#30340;&#20116;&#20491;&#35258;&#24735;&#38542;&#27573;:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&#65292;&#28165;&#28136;&#26989;&#38556;&#21450;&#32047;&#31309;&#21151;&#24503;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#21152;&#34892;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#35211;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#20462;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#23416;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pancapatha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">five paths<\/span> and ten grounds. The <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha, Five paths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20116;&#36947;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3928;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (lam nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lam lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Pancapatha is the five stages to enlightenment for Buddhists:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of accumulation to purify obscurations and accumulating merits&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of preparation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of insight or seeing&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of meditation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of no more learning&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#20116;&#36947;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#30340;&#20116;&#20491;&#35258;&#24735;&#38542;&#27573;:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&#65292;&#28165;&#28136;&#26989;&#38556;&#21450;&#32047;&#31309;&#21151;&#24503;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#21152;&#34892;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#35211;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#20462;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#23416;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pancapatha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">five paths<\/span> are the paths of<\/p><ol><li>accumulation,<\/li><li>preparation,<\/li><li>seeing,<\/li><li>cultivation, and<\/li><li>no-more-learning.<\/li><\/ol><p>The ten grounds include:<\/p><ol><li>the ground of initial <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shuddha, innate purity; &#28152;&#28136; (&#20462;&#36948;); &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3921;&#4001;&#4023;&#3967;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shuddha), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3921;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (dak-pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;shad+d+haH&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit:&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#346;uddha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Shuddha, Purity refers to a state of being free from defilements, stains, or distortions. In the Buddhist context, it often denotes the innate, untainted nature of mind, which is temporarily obscured by adventitious defilements. This concept is central to discussions of buddha-nature, the nature of reality, and the goal of spiritual practice. It is also found in various ritual and meditative contexts, such as the &amp;quot;purity mantra&amp;quot; (often associated with emptiness) which states: &amp;quot;Om svabhava shuddha sarva dharma svabhava shuddho &amp;#039;ham&amp;quot; (All dharmas are pure in their own nature; I too am pure in my own nature). In some contexts, such as &amp;quot;shuddha vidya&amp;quot; (pure knowledge), it describes a fluctuating realization of one&amp;#039;s own nature.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28165;&#28136;&#26159;&#25351;&#36960;&#38626;&#22434;&#26579;&#12289;&#38620;&#36074;&#25110;&#25197;&#26354;&#30340;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#35486;&#22659;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#24120;&#25351;&#24515;&#20043;&#26412;&#24615;&#30340;&#26412;&#28982;&#28961;&#22434;&#65292;&#27492;&#26412;&#24615;&#20677;&#26283;&#26178;&#28858;&#23458;&#22645;&#29033;&#24817;&#25152;&#35206;&#34109;&#12290;&#27492;&#27010;&#24565;&#26159;&#35342;&#35542;&#22914;&#20358;&#34255;&#12289;&#23526;&#30456;&#26412;&#36074;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#34892;&#26368;&#32066;&#30446;&#27161;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#12290;&#23427;&#20063;&#20986;&#29694;&#22312;&#21508;&#31278;&#20736;&#24335;&#33287;&#31146;&#20462;&#33032;&#32097;&#20013;&#65292;&#20363;&#22914;&#12300;&#28165;&#28136;&#21650;&#12301;&#65288;&#24120;&#33287;&#31354;&#24615;&#38364;&#32879;&#65289;&#65306;&#12300;&#21813; &#23057;&#36299;&#21703; &#28113;&#25171; &#34217;&#21703; &#36948;&#29802; &#23057;&#36299;&#21703; &#28113;&#22810; &#26477;&#12301;&#65288;&#19968;&#20999;&#27861;&#33258;&#24615;&#28165;&#28136;&#65307;&#25105;&#20134;&#33258;&#24615;&#28165;&#28136;&#65289;&#12290;&#22312;&#26576;&#20123;&#33032;&#32097;&#20013;&#65292;&#22914;&#12300;&#28165;&#28136;&#26126;&#12301;&#65288;shuddha vidya&#65289;&#65292;&#21063;&#25351;&#23565;&#33258;&#24615;&#19981;&#31337;&#23450;&#30340;&#20102;&#24735;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;header&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/header&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/shuddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>purity<\/span> (first seeing the pure <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=&#039;cmtt-audio-player &#039;&gt;&lt;a class=&#039;wp-embedded-audio&#039; href=&#039;http:\/\/en&#039;&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dharma \/ The Teaching \/ The Truth \/ The Cosmic Law \/ Phenomenon&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#27861;&#23542;, &#20315;&#27861;, &#29694;&#35937;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#21371;&#25289;, &#21371;, &#36948;&#29802;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3910;&#3964;&#3942;&#3851;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (cho la), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3910;&#3964;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (cho); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;chos la, chos&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dharma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhamma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Dhama is one of the most central and multifaceted terms in Buddhism. It carries three primary meanings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;1. it refers to the teachings of the Buddha, the liberating truth that he discovered and expounded, which is encapsulated in the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;2. it refers to the ultimate truth or reality itself, the natural law that governs the universe and the way things truly are.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;3. in the Abhidhamma tradition, it refers to the fundamental constituents of reality, the basic phenomena that arise and cease in dependence on causes and conditions.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In all three senses, Dhamma is the second of the Three Jewels (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha), and taking refuge in the Dhamma is the foundation of Buddhist practice. The Dhamma is described as ak&#257;lika (timeless), ehipassika (inviting verification), and opaneyyika (leading inward).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#27861;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20013;&#24847;&#32681;&#26368;&#28858;&#26680;&#24515;&#19988;&#22810;&#23652;&#30340;&#34899;&#35486;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#23427;&#25215;&#36617;&#19977;&#23652;&#20027;&#35201;&#21547;&#32681;&#65306;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20854;&#19968;&#65292;&#25351;&#20315;&#38464;&#30340;&#25945;&#27861;&#65292;&#21363;&#20182;&#25152;&#30332;&#29694;&#20006;&#38369;&#36848;&#30340;&#35299;&#33067;&#30495;&#29702;&#65292;&#28611;&#32302;&#28858;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#33287;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#65307;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20854;&#20108;&#65292;&#25351;&#31350;&#31455;&#30495;&#29702;&#25110;&#23526;&#30456;&#26412;&#36523;&#65292;&#21363;&#25903;&#37197;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#33258;&#28982;&#27861;&#21063;&#33287;&#35576;&#27861;&#23526;&#30456;&#65307;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20854;&#19977;&#65292;&#22312;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#25351;&#27083;&#25104;&#23526;&#30456;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#35201;&#32032;&#65292;&#21363;&#20381;&#22240;&#32227;&#32780;&#29983;&#28357;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#29694;&#35937;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36889;&#19977;&#31278;&#24847;&#32681;&#20013;&#65292;&#27861;&#30342;&#28858;&#19977;&#23542;&#65288;&#20315;&#12289;&#27861;&#12289;&#20711;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#30344;&#20381;&#27861;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&#27861;&#34987;&#25551;&#36848;&#28858; ak&#257;lika&#65288;&#36229;&#36234;&#26178;&#38291;&#65289;&#12289;ehipassika&#65288;&#36992;&#35531;&#35242;&#33258;&#39511;&#35657;&#65289;&#33287; opaneyyika&#65288;&#23566;&#21521;&#20839;&#22312;&#65289;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Dharma has many meanings:&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;truth&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;path to realize truth&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;virtuous state of mind&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;teachings of the Buddha (Buddhadharma)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;spiritual tradition&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;life&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;phenomena&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;object of knowledge&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;object of mind&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/dharma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Dharma<\/span>),<\/li><li>the ground of lineage (establishing one&rsquo;s spiritual lineage),<\/li><li>the ground of eight persons (from <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat, Foe Destroyer, Dra chom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;\/&#32645;&#28450;\/ &#25033;&#20379; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26413;&#28847;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3921;&#3906;&#4018;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3964;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dgra bcom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arahant \/ Arahat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;An Arhat (foe destroyer of klesha or mental afflictions) is (usually a Hinayana practitioner) who has advanced along the path of enlightenment and has gained insight into true nature of existence (selflessness) but not yet reached full buddhahood.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Sanskrit, the word arhat means honoured, deserving. Arhat is one of Ten Titles of the Buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#20027;&#35201;&#29992;&#26044;&#23567;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#65292;&#26159;&#28040;&#28357;&#29033;&#24817;&#20167;&#25973;&#32773;&#12290;&#25033;&#20379;&#26159;&#20315;&#38464;&#21313;&#34399;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#20986;&#38626;&#19977;&#30028;&#29983;&#27515;&#65292;&#19981;&#21463;&#24460;&#19990;&#34314;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#33021;&#22816;&#21463;&#19968;&#20999;&#20154;&#12289;&#22825;&#20379;&#39178;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/arhat\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Arhat<\/span> to the eighth sage),<\/li><li>the ground of seeing (directly perceiving the absence of a personal self),<\/li><li>the ground of diminishing desire (reducing <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Raga \/ Attachment \/ Desire \/ Passion \/ Greed; &#36010; \/ &#36010;&#24859;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3964;&#3921;&#3851;&#3910;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dochak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;dod chags&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;R&#257;ga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Raga, Attachment is a destructive mental factor defined as a strong longing or craving for an object, person, or experience. It is one of the six root defilements in the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition and is counted among the three poisons (along with aversion and delusion). Its characteristic is clinging to an object, and its function is to create dissatisfaction and suffering by perpetuating the cycle of craving and grasping. Attachment arises when one perceives an object as pleasurable or desirable, and it leads to further attachment, thereby sustaining the cycle of birth and death. It is the primary cause of conflict, as it motivates individuals to seek personal gratification at the expense of others. The antidote to attachment is the recognition of the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of all phenomena, as well as the cultivation of generosity and renunciation.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36010;&#26159;&#19968;&#31278;&#20855;&#30772;&#22750;&#24615;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#34920;&#29694;&#28858;&#23565;&#23565;&#35937;&#12289;&#20154;&#25110;&#32147;&#39511;&#30340;&#24375;&#28872;&#28212;&#26395;&#33287;&#36010;&#27714;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#36010;&#34987;&#21015;&#28858;&#20845;&#26681;&#26412;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20134;&#28858;&#19977;&#27602;&#65288;&#36010;&#12289;&#30603;&#12289;&#30305;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#20854;&#29305;&#30456;&#28858;&#22519;&#33879;&#25152;&#32227;&#65292;&#20316;&#29992;&#28858;&#36879;&#36942;&#24310;&#32396;&#28212;&#24859;&#33287;&#22519;&#21462;&#30340;&#24490;&#29872;&#32780;&#29986;&#29983;&#19981;&#28415;&#33287;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#36010;&#26044;&#24863;&#30693;&#21040;&#23565;&#35937;&#28858;&#24709;&#24847;&#25110;&#21487;&#24847;&#26178;&#29983;&#36215;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#24341;&#29983;&#26356;&#22810;&#30340;&#36010;&#24859;&#65292;&#24478;&#32780;&#24310;&#32396;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#36010;&#26159;&#34909;&#31361;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#23427;&#39493;&#20351;&#20491;&#20154;&#20197;&#29351;&#29298;&#20182;&#20154;&#28858;&#20195;&#20729;&#20358;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#28415;&#36275;&#12290;&#36010;&#30340;&#23565;&#27835;&#26159;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30340;&#28961;&#24120;&#33287;&#33510;&#24615;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#25345;&#24067;&#26045;&#33287;&#20986;&#38626;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/attachment\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">attachment<\/span>),<\/li><li>the ground of freedom from desire,<\/li><li>the ground of accomplishment,<\/li><li>the ground of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Solitary Realizer&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#32227;&#35258;, &#29544;&#35258;, &#36767;&#25903;&#20315; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#35731;&#30342;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3908;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (rang gyal); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rang rgyal&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pratyekabuddha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pratyekabuddhas, Solitary Realizer, studies and meditates on the teachings of the Buddha including the twelve links of interdependent origination and attains realization without relying on a teacher.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#36767;&#25903;&#20315;&#65292;&#32227;&#35258; &#30001;&#23487;&#19990;&#31119;&#24503;&#65292;&#20462;&#21313;&#20108;&#22240;&#32227;&#32780;&#24735;&#36947;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/solitary-realizer\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">solitary realizer<\/span>s,<\/li><li>the ground of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Bodhisattva; &#33769;&#34217; (&#34083;&#31179; &#26862;&#35997;); &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3926;&#4017;&#3908;&#3851;&#3910;&#3956;&#3926;&#3851;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3921;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (chang chub sempa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;byang chub sems dpa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sanskrit: Bodhisattva \/ &#33769;&#34217; = &amp;quot;awakening being&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;enlightenment hero&amp;quot; = &#35258;&#26377;&#24773; \/ &#33769;&#25552;&#21191;&#22763;:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;bodhi \/ &#33769;&#25552; = &amp;quot;awakening&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;enlightenment&amp;quot; = &#33769;&#25552; \/ &#35258;&#24735;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sattva \/ &#34217;&#22517; = &amp;quot;being&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;living being&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;hero&amp;quot; = &#26377;&#24773; \/ &#21191;&#22763;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nA bodhisattva is a being who has generated bodhicitta, the aspiration to attain perfect enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. Unlike a hearer or solitary realizer who seeks personal liberation, the bodhisattva commits to remaining in cyclic existence until all beings are freed from suffering. This compassionate vow is accompanied by the practice of the six perfections, the cultivation of skillful means, and the direct realization of emptiness. The bodhisattva progresses through ten grounds of realization, gradually perfecting wisdom and compassion, culminating in the attainment of buddhahood. The ideal of the bodhisattva is the defining characteristic of the Mahayana tradition and serves as the model for all practitioners on the great vehicle path.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#33769;&#34217;&#26159;&#25351;&#24050;&#29983;&#36215;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#65292;&#28858;&#21033;&#30410;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#32780;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#12290;&#19981;&#21516;&#26044;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#30340;&#32882;&#32862;&#25110;&#32227;&#35258;&#65292;&#33769;&#34217;&#30332;&#39000;&#23433;&#20303;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#20043;&#20013;&#65292;&#30452;&#33267;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#30342;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&#27492;&#24904;&#24754;&#22823;&#39000;&#20276;&#38568;&#33879;&#20845;&#24230;&#30340;&#20462;&#25345;&#12289;&#21892;&#24039;&#26041;&#20415;&#30340;&#22521;&#39178;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#23565;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#30452;&#25509;&#29694;&#35657;&#12290;&#33769;&#34217;&#20381;&#27425;&#32147;&#27511;&#21313;&#22320;&#65292;&#28472;&#27425;&#22291;&#28415;&#26234;&#24935;&#33287;&#24754;&#24515;&#65292;&#26368;&#32066;&#25104;&#23601;&#20315;&#26524;&#12290;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#26159;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#30340;&#29305;&#24501;&#65292;&#20134;&#26159;&#25152;&#26377;&#22823;&#20056;&#34892;&#32773;&#25152;&#36981;&#24490;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#20856;&#31684;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/bodhisattva\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">bodhisattva<\/span>s, and<\/li><li>the ground of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span>hood.<\/li><\/ol><p>In the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Path of accumulation; &#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;..&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; ();&nbsp; Wylie: ; Sanskrit: ;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The path of accumulation is one of Pancapatha, five levels of cultivation in Yogacara. In this path, the practitioner cultivates purity through the practice of precepts and correct mindfulness.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&#26159;&#20116;&#36947;&#20043;&#19968;: &#28165;&#28136;&#26989;&#38556;&#21450;&#32047;&#31309;&#21151;&#24503;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/path-of-accumulation\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">path of accumulation<\/span>, when practitioners develop irreversible <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Renunciation, Naiskramya; &#20986;&#38626;&#24515; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#20839;&#28847;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3908;&#3962;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3926;&#4017;&#3956;&#3908;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (nge jung); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nges &amp;#039;byung&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit:&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; Nai&#7779;kramya;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Renunciation is the genuine aspiration to be free from the entire cycle of rebirth, recognizing that all forms of worldly existence are ultimately pervaded by suffering. It is the foundational motivation for entering the Buddhist path, as it establishes the initial impetus to seek liberation. Unlike ordinary dissatisfaction, this renunciation is grounded in a clear understanding of the nature of suffering and the causes that perpetuate it. In the graduated path teachings, renunciation is cultivated through contemplating the rarity of a precious human life, the inevitability of death, the principle of karma, and the suffering inherent in the various realms of existence. When fully developed, renunciation naturally leads to the generation of bodhicitta, as one sees that all other beings are similarly trapped in the same cycle.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#25351;&#23565;&#25972;&#20491;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#29983;&#36215;&#30495;&#23526;&#30340;&#20986;&#38626;&#24847;&#39000;&#65292;&#20102;&#30693;&#19977;&#30028;&#19968;&#20999;&#23384;&#22312;&#20043;&#26412;&#36074;&#30342;&#28858;&#33510;&#12290;&#27492;&#24515;&#28858;&#20837;&#36947;&#20043;&#26681;&#26412;&#21205;&#27231;&#65292;&#22240;&#21807;&#26377;&#30495;&#23526;&#29983;&#36215;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#65292;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#26041;&#33021;&#30495;&#27491;&#23563;&#27714;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&#19981;&#21516;&#26044;&#19968;&#33324;&#23565;&#33510;&#30340;&#21421;&#38626;&#65292;&#27492;&#24515;&#24314;&#31435;&#22312;&#23565;&#33510;&#35558;&#33287;&#38598;&#35558;&#30340;&#22914;&#23526;&#35469;&#35672;&#20043;&#19978;&#12290;&#26044;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#20013;&#65292;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#20043;&#20462;&#25345;&#20027;&#35201;&#36879;&#36942;&#24605;&#24799;&#26247;&#28415;&#38627;&#24471;&#12289;&#22781;&#21629;&#28961;&#24120;&#12289;&#26989;&#26524;&#19981;&#34395;&#20197;&#21450;&#36650;&#36852;&#36942;&#24739;&#31561;&#21069;&#34892;&#27861;&#32780;&#20462;&#25104;&#12290;&#30070;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#22291;&#28415;&#29983;&#36215;&#26178;&#65292;&#21363;&#33021;&#33258;&#28982;&#32780;&#28982;&#24341;&#29983;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#34892;&#32773;&#23559;&#35211;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30342;&#21516;&#38519;&#26044;&#27492;&#29983;&#27515;&#33510;&#28023;&#20043;&#20013;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/naiskramya\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">renunciation<\/span> toward <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span>, they attain the realization of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Path of accumulation; &#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;..&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; ();&nbsp; Wylie: ; Sanskrit: ;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The path of accumulation is one of Pancapatha, five levels of cultivation in Yogacara. In this path, the practitioner cultivates purity through the practice of precepts and correct mindfulness.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&#26159;&#20116;&#36947;&#20043;&#19968;: &#28165;&#28136;&#26989;&#38556;&#21450;&#32047;&#31309;&#21151;&#24503;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/path-of-accumulation\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">path of accumulation<\/span>.<\/p><p>After firmly establishing <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Renunciation, Naiskramya; &#20986;&#38626;&#24515; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#20839;&#28847;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3908;&#3962;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3926;&#4017;&#3956;&#3908;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (nge jung); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nges &amp;#039;byung&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit:&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; Nai&#7779;kramya;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Renunciation is the genuine aspiration to be free from the entire cycle of rebirth, recognizing that all forms of worldly existence are ultimately pervaded by suffering. It is the foundational motivation for entering the Buddhist path, as it establishes the initial impetus to seek liberation. Unlike ordinary dissatisfaction, this renunciation is grounded in a clear understanding of the nature of suffering and the causes that perpetuate it. In the graduated path teachings, renunciation is cultivated through contemplating the rarity of a precious human life, the inevitability of death, the principle of karma, and the suffering inherent in the various realms of existence. When fully developed, renunciation naturally leads to the generation of bodhicitta, as one sees that all other beings are similarly trapped in the same cycle.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#25351;&#23565;&#25972;&#20491;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#29983;&#36215;&#30495;&#23526;&#30340;&#20986;&#38626;&#24847;&#39000;&#65292;&#20102;&#30693;&#19977;&#30028;&#19968;&#20999;&#23384;&#22312;&#20043;&#26412;&#36074;&#30342;&#28858;&#33510;&#12290;&#27492;&#24515;&#28858;&#20837;&#36947;&#20043;&#26681;&#26412;&#21205;&#27231;&#65292;&#22240;&#21807;&#26377;&#30495;&#23526;&#29983;&#36215;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#65292;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#26041;&#33021;&#30495;&#27491;&#23563;&#27714;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&#19981;&#21516;&#26044;&#19968;&#33324;&#23565;&#33510;&#30340;&#21421;&#38626;&#65292;&#27492;&#24515;&#24314;&#31435;&#22312;&#23565;&#33510;&#35558;&#33287;&#38598;&#35558;&#30340;&#22914;&#23526;&#35469;&#35672;&#20043;&#19978;&#12290;&#26044;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#20013;&#65292;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#20043;&#20462;&#25345;&#20027;&#35201;&#36879;&#36942;&#24605;&#24799;&#26247;&#28415;&#38627;&#24471;&#12289;&#22781;&#21629;&#28961;&#24120;&#12289;&#26989;&#26524;&#19981;&#34395;&#20197;&#21450;&#36650;&#36852;&#36942;&#24739;&#31561;&#21069;&#34892;&#27861;&#32780;&#20462;&#25104;&#12290;&#30070;&#20986;&#38626;&#24515;&#22291;&#28415;&#29983;&#36215;&#26178;&#65292;&#21363;&#33021;&#33258;&#28982;&#32780;&#28982;&#24341;&#29983;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#34892;&#32773;&#23559;&#35211;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30342;&#21516;&#38519;&#26044;&#27492;&#29983;&#27515;&#33510;&#28023;&#20043;&#20013;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/naiskramya\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">renunciation<\/span>, practitioners uphold <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;SilaParamita, Perfection of Morality,&nbsp; Precept, Ethics, Virtue, Tsultrim; &#25345;&#25106;&#27874;&#32645;&#23494;, &#25106;&#24459;, &#36947;&#24503; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26970;&#33251;\/&#21021;&#31281;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3930;&#3956;&#3939;&#3851;&#3905;&#4018;&#3954;&#3928;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(Tshul trim); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;tshul khrims&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#346;&#299;lap&#257;ramit&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The perfection of morality is the second of the six perfections practiced by bodhisattvas on the path to full awakening. It refers to the sustained commitment to ethical conduct that is grounded in mindfulness, conscience, and compassion for others. Unlike the mere observance of rules, this perfection involves training the mind to naturally refrain from harmful actions and to engage in virtuous deeds with pure motivation. The perfection of morality is traditionally divided into three types: the morality of restraint (keeping the precepts and avoiding non-virtue), the morality of gathering virtuous qualities (actively cultivating wholesome mental states), and the morality of working for the welfare of beings (engaging in compassionate action). This perfection is considered the foundation upon which all other perfections depend, as a mind that is ethically pure becomes stable, tranquil, and receptive to deeper meditative insight and wisdom.\nTsultrim is a common Tibetan name. Alternate spelling \/ Variations: Tshultrim&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#25345;&#25106;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#26159;&#33769;&#34217;&#20845;&#24230;&#20013;&#30340;&#31532;&#20108;&#24230;&#65292;&#25351;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#20197;&#27491;&#24565;&#12289;&#24922;&#24871;&#24515;&#33287;&#24904;&#24754;&#24515;&#28858;&#22522;&#30990;&#65292;&#25345;&#32396;&#23432;&#25345;&#28165;&#28136;&#25106;&#24459;&#30340;&#22291;&#28415;&#20462;&#25345;&#12290;&#27492;&#24230;&#36229;&#36234;&#20102;&#22806;&#22312;&#34892;&#28858;&#35215;&#31684;&#30340;&#23652;&#27425;&#65292;&#26356;&#22312;&#26044;&#35347;&#32244;&#33258;&#24515;&#33258;&#28982;&#22320;&#36960;&#38626;&#19968;&#20999;&#20663;&#23475;&#30526;&#29983;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#65292;&#20006;&#20197;&#32020;&#28136;&#21205;&#27231;&#34892;&#25345;&#21892;&#27861;&#12290;&#25345;&#25106;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#20659;&#32113;&#19978;&#20998;&#28858;&#19977;&#31278;&#65306;&#24459;&#20736;&#25106;&#65288;&#25345;&#23432;&#25106;&#24459;&#12289;&#36960;&#38626;&#19981;&#21892;&#65289;&#12289;&#25885;&#21892;&#27861;&#25106;&#65288;&#31309;&#26997;&#22521;&#39178;&#21892;&#27861;&#21151;&#24503;&#65289;&#33287;&#39250;&#30410;&#26377;&#24773;&#25106;&#65288;&#20197;&#21033;&#20182;&#24515;&#34892;&#21033;&#30410;&#30526;&#29983;&#65289;&#12290;&#27492;&#24230;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#20854;&#39192;&#35576;&#24230;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#22522;&#30990;&#65292;&#22240;&#21807;&#26377;&#25345;&#25106;&#28165;&#28136;&#30340;&#24515;&#26041;&#33021;&#29554;&#24471;&#31337;&#23450;&#33287;&#23527;&#38748;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#26356;&#28145;&#23652;&#30340;&#31146;&#23450;&#33287;&#26234;&#24935;&#12290;&#26970;&#33251; \/ &#21021;&#31281;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/silaparamita\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>precept<\/span>s and gain the power of concentration (<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shamatha, Calm Abiding&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;&#65292;&#23490;&#27490;&#31146;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3934;&#3954;&#3851;&#3906;&#3923;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (shiney); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;zhi gnas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#346;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;amatha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Shamatha refers to the practice of cultivating a calm, stable, and concentrated mind by focusing the attention single-pointedly on a chosen object. The term literally means &amp;quot;peaceful abiding,&amp;quot; indicating the state of mind that has become completely still, free from the disturbances of dullness and mental agitation. Through sustained effort in meditation, the practitioner gradually overcomes the five hindrances and progresses through nine stages of mental development, culminating in a state of full meditative absorption. While shamatha is essential for developing concentration, it alone does not lead to liberation. It is considered a preparatory practice that provides the mental foundation for insight meditation, through which one directly realizes the nature of reality. In the system of the six perfections, shamatha is cultivated within the context of meditative concentration, and it is often paired with insight to form the essential union of calm and special insight.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;\/&#23490;&#27490;&#31146;, &#25351;&#36879;&#36942;&#23559;&#24515;&#23560;&#27880;&#23433;&#20303;&#26044;&#21934;&#19968;&#25152;&#32227;&#22659;&#65292;&#20197;&#22521;&#39178;&#31337;&#23450;&#12289;&#28165;&#26126;&#19988;&#23560;&#27880;&#20043;&#24515;&#30340;&#31146;&#20462;&#23526;&#36368;&#12290;&#20854;&#23383;&#32681;&#28858;&#12300;&#27490;&#12301;&#25110;&#12300;&#23490;&#27490;&#12301;&#65292;&#21363;&#24515;&#24050;&#23436;&#20840;&#23490;&#38748;&#12289;&#36960;&#38626;&#26127;&#27785;&#33287;&#25481;&#33289;&#31561;&#24178;&#25854;&#30340;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#32147;&#30001;&#25345;&#32396;&#30340;&#27490;&#20462;&#32244;&#32722;&#65292;&#36880;&#27493;&#20811;&#26381;&#20116;&#33995;&#65292;&#27425;&#31532;&#32147;&#27511;&#20061;&#31278;&#20303;&#24515;&#30340;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#26368;&#32066;&#25104;&#23601;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#31146;&#23450;&#22659;&#30028;&#12290;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;&#38614;&#28858;&#22521;&#39178;&#23450;&#21147;&#30340;&#19981;&#21487;&#25110;&#32570;&#20043;&#27861;&#65292;&#20294;&#20677;&#24977;&#23450;&#21147;&#26412;&#36523;&#20006;&#19981;&#36275;&#20197;&#36948;&#25104;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&#23427;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#35264;&#20462;&#30340;&#21069;&#34892;&#33287;&#22522;&#30990;&#65292;&#28858;&#29694;&#35657;&#23526;&#30456;&#30340;&#27608;&#23110;&#33293;&#37027;&#65288;&#35264;&#65289;&#25552;&#20379;&#31337;&#22266;&#30340;&#24515;&#21147;&#25152;&#20381;&#12290;&#22312;&#20845;&#24230;&#39636;&#31995;&#20013;&#65292;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;&#23660;&#26044;&#38748;&#24942;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#30340;&#31684;&#30087;&#65292;&#32147;&#24120;&#33287;&#27608;&#23110;&#33293;&#37027;&#20006;&#31281;&#65292;&#20108;&#32773;&#38617;&#36939;&#21363;&#27083;&#25104;&#27490;&#35264;&#30340;&#23436;&#25972;&#20462;&#25345;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samatha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">calm abiding<\/span>). Using this stability, they contemplate the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of the personal self (<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Personal Entity, The soul, Spiritual Teacher or Master&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &#35036;&#29305;&#20285;&#32645; (&#21083;&#34217;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3906;&#3908;&#3851;&#3935;&#3906;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (gangzak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;gang zag&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;pudgala&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Buddhist philosophy, pudgala refers to the concept of a &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;individual,&amp;quot; often discussed in the context of the anatman (no-self) doctrine, without implying an inherent, permanent self.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35036;&#29305;&#20285;&#32645;&#26159;&#25351;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#23526;&#39636;&#65292;&#20294;&#19981;&#24847;&#21619;&#33879;&#26377;&#19968;&#20491;&#22266;&#26377;&#12289;&#27704;&#24646;&#30340;&#33258;&#25105;&#65292;&#36890;&#24120;&#33287;&#28961;&#25105;&#30340;&#25945;&#32681;&#30456;&#38364;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35036;&#29305;&#20285;&#32645;&#20063;&#25351;&#22823;&#25104;&#23601;&#32773;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pudgala\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>pudgala<\/span>) and the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of phenomena, eventually achieving the union of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shamatha, Calm Abiding&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;&#65292;&#23490;&#27490;&#31146;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3934;&#3954;&#3851;&#3906;&#3923;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (shiney); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;zhi gnas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#346;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;amatha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Shamatha refers to the practice of cultivating a calm, stable, and concentrated mind by focusing the attention single-pointedly on a chosen object. The term literally means &amp;quot;peaceful abiding,&amp;quot; indicating the state of mind that has become completely still, free from the disturbances of dullness and mental agitation. Through sustained effort in meditation, the practitioner gradually overcomes the five hindrances and progresses through nine stages of mental development, culminating in a state of full meditative absorption. While shamatha is essential for developing concentration, it alone does not lead to liberation. It is considered a preparatory practice that provides the mental foundation for insight meditation, through which one directly realizes the nature of reality. In the system of the six perfections, shamatha is cultivated within the context of meditative concentration, and it is often paired with insight to form the essential union of calm and special insight.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;\/&#23490;&#27490;&#31146;, &#25351;&#36879;&#36942;&#23559;&#24515;&#23560;&#27880;&#23433;&#20303;&#26044;&#21934;&#19968;&#25152;&#32227;&#22659;&#65292;&#20197;&#22521;&#39178;&#31337;&#23450;&#12289;&#28165;&#26126;&#19988;&#23560;&#27880;&#20043;&#24515;&#30340;&#31146;&#20462;&#23526;&#36368;&#12290;&#20854;&#23383;&#32681;&#28858;&#12300;&#27490;&#12301;&#25110;&#12300;&#23490;&#27490;&#12301;&#65292;&#21363;&#24515;&#24050;&#23436;&#20840;&#23490;&#38748;&#12289;&#36960;&#38626;&#26127;&#27785;&#33287;&#25481;&#33289;&#31561;&#24178;&#25854;&#30340;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#32147;&#30001;&#25345;&#32396;&#30340;&#27490;&#20462;&#32244;&#32722;&#65292;&#36880;&#27493;&#20811;&#26381;&#20116;&#33995;&#65292;&#27425;&#31532;&#32147;&#27511;&#20061;&#31278;&#20303;&#24515;&#30340;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#26368;&#32066;&#25104;&#23601;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#31146;&#23450;&#22659;&#30028;&#12290;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;&#38614;&#28858;&#22521;&#39178;&#23450;&#21147;&#30340;&#19981;&#21487;&#25110;&#32570;&#20043;&#27861;&#65292;&#20294;&#20677;&#24977;&#23450;&#21147;&#26412;&#36523;&#20006;&#19981;&#36275;&#20197;&#36948;&#25104;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&#23427;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#35264;&#20462;&#30340;&#21069;&#34892;&#33287;&#22522;&#30990;&#65292;&#28858;&#29694;&#35657;&#23526;&#30456;&#30340;&#27608;&#23110;&#33293;&#37027;&#65288;&#35264;&#65289;&#25552;&#20379;&#31337;&#22266;&#30340;&#24515;&#21147;&#25152;&#20381;&#12290;&#22312;&#20845;&#24230;&#39636;&#31995;&#20013;&#65292;&#22882;&#25705;&#20182;&#23660;&#26044;&#38748;&#24942;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#30340;&#31684;&#30087;&#65292;&#32147;&#24120;&#33287;&#27608;&#23110;&#33293;&#37027;&#20006;&#31281;&#65292;&#20108;&#32773;&#38617;&#36939;&#21363;&#27083;&#25104;&#27490;&#35264;&#30340;&#23436;&#25972;&#20462;&#25345;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samatha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">calm abiding<\/span> and insight, which marks the realization of the path of preparation.<\/p><p>When a practitioner directly realizes the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of self, they attain the realization of the path of seeing. If the practitioner can maintain an unbroken and firm realization of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of self, they then possess the realization of the path of cultivation. The process of the path of cultivation can be divided into four stages of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Resultant or Fruition Vehicle; &#26524;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#36889;&#24067;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3926;&#4018;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(drebu ); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;bras bu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Resultant vehicle emphasizes union of the wisdom of emptiness (prajna) and the skillful means of great bliss.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26524;&#20056;&#26159;&#26234;&#24935;&#31354;&#24615;&#21450;&#22823;&#27138;&#26041;&#20415;&#30340;&#38617;&#36939;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/fruition-vehicle\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fruition<\/span>: <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Stream-enterer, First stage of enlightenment; &#21021;&#26524;, &#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#38920;&#38464;&#27961;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3956;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3930;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3931;&#3956;&#3939;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gy&uuml;n mtshams &amp;#039;dzul pa); Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Srotapanna&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A Srotapanna is someone who has entered the &amp;quot;stream&amp;quot; leading to Nirvana and will attain enlightenment within seven lifetimes, having eradicated the first three fetters (samyojana):\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Belief in a permanent self (sakkaya-ditthi).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Doubt about the Dharma (vicikiccha).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata-paramasa).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#38920;&#38464;&#27961; (&#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#21021;&#26524;&#32854;&#32773;) &#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#19968;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#25351;&#24050;&#36914;&#20837;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#12300;&#27969;&#12301;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#65292;&#23559;&#22312;&#19971;&#19990;&#20839;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#65292;&#24050;&#26039;&#38500;&#19977;&#32080;&#65306;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36523;&#35211; (&#23565;&#27704;&#24646;&#33258;&#25105;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#30097; (&#23565;&#20315;&#27861;&#30340;&#25079;&#30097;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#25106;&#31105;&#21462; (&#23565;&#20736;&#24335;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/stream-enterer\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Stream-Enterer<\/span> (<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Stream-enterer, First stage of enlightenment; &#21021;&#26524;, &#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#38920;&#38464;&#27961;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3956;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3930;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3931;&#3956;&#3939;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gy&uuml;n mtshams &amp;#039;dzul pa); Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Srotapanna&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A Srotapanna is someone who has entered the &amp;quot;stream&amp;quot; leading to Nirvana and will attain enlightenment within seven lifetimes, having eradicated the first three fetters (samyojana):\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Belief in a permanent self (sakkaya-ditthi).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Doubt about the Dharma (vicikiccha).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata-paramasa).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#38920;&#38464;&#27961; (&#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#21021;&#26524;&#32854;&#32773;) &#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#19968;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#25351;&#24050;&#36914;&#20837;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#12300;&#27969;&#12301;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#65292;&#23559;&#22312;&#19971;&#19990;&#20839;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#65292;&#24050;&#26039;&#38500;&#19977;&#32080;&#65306;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36523;&#35211; (&#23565;&#27704;&#24646;&#33258;&#25105;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#30097; (&#23565;&#20315;&#27861;&#30340;&#25079;&#30097;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#25106;&#31105;&#21462; (&#23565;&#20736;&#24335;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/stream-enterer\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Srotapanna<\/span>), <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Once-returner, Second stage of enlightenment; &#19968;&#20358;&#26524; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26031;&#38464;&#21547;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3939;&#3964;&#3851;&#3920;&#3962;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3906;&#3909;&#3954;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor lo thengs gcig pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sakrdagamin&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A Sakrdagamin, once-returner is someone who has significantly weakened the fetters of sensual desire (kama-raga) and ill-will (vyapada) and will be reborn in the human realm only once more before attaining enlightenment.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26031;&#38464;&#21547;, &#19968;&#20358;&#26524;, &#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#20108;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#24050;&#22823;&#24133;&#28187;&#24369;&#36010;&#27442;&#33287;&#30603;&#24666;&#30340;&#26463;&#32283;&#65292;&#23559;&#20677;&#20877;&#25237;&#29983;&#20154;&#38291;&#19968;&#27425;&#65292;&#20043;&#24460;&#20415;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/once-returner\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Once-Returner<\/span> (<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Once-returner, Second stage of enlightenment; &#19968;&#20358;&#26524; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26031;&#38464;&#21547;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3939;&#3964;&#3851;&#3920;&#3962;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3906;&#3909;&#3954;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor lo thengs gcig pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sakrdagamin&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A Sakrdagamin, once-returner is someone who has significantly weakened the fetters of sensual desire (kama-raga) and ill-will (vyapada) and will be reborn in the human realm only once more before attaining enlightenment.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26031;&#38464;&#21547;, &#19968;&#20358;&#26524;, &#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#20108;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#24050;&#22823;&#24133;&#28187;&#24369;&#36010;&#27442;&#33287;&#30603;&#24666;&#30340;&#26463;&#32283;&#65292;&#23559;&#20677;&#20877;&#25237;&#29983;&#20154;&#38291;&#19968;&#27425;&#65292;&#20043;&#24460;&#20415;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/once-returner\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sakrdagamin<\/span>), <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Non-returner, Third stage of enlightenment&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#19981;&#36996;&#26524; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#38463;&#37027;&#21547;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#3851;&#3939;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;em data-start=&amp;quot;1057&amp;quot; data-end=&amp;quot;1068&amp;quot;&amp;gt;ma log pa&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;);&nbsp;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Anagamin&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Non-Returner, Anagamin, the third stage of enlightenment, is someone who has completely eradicated the fetters of sensual desire (kama-raga) and ill-will (vyapada). They will not be reborn in the human realm but will attain enlightenment in a higher realm (such as the Pure Abodes).&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#37027;&#21547;, &#19981;&#36996;&#26524;&#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#19977;&#38542;&#27573; (&#19977;&#26524;&#32854;&#32773;)&#65292;&#24050;&#23436;&#20840;&#26039;&#38500;&#36010;&#27442;&#33287;&#30603;&#24666;&#30340;&#26463;&#32283;&#65292;&#23559;&#19981;&#20877;&#25237;&#29983;&#20154;&#38291;&#65292;&#32780;&#26159;&#22312;&#26356;&#39640;&#30340;&#22825;&#30028; (&#22914;&#28136;&#23621;&#22825;) &#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/non-returner\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Non-Returner<\/span> (<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Non-returner, Third stage of enlightenment&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#19981;&#36996;&#26524; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#38463;&#37027;&#21547;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#3851;&#3939;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;em data-start=&amp;quot;1057&amp;quot; data-end=&amp;quot;1068&amp;quot;&amp;gt;ma log pa&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;);&nbsp;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Anagamin&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Non-Returner, Anagamin, the third stage of enlightenment, is someone who has completely eradicated the fetters of sensual desire (kama-raga) and ill-will (vyapada). They will not be reborn in the human realm but will attain enlightenment in a higher realm (such as the Pure Abodes).&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#37027;&#21547;, &#19981;&#36996;&#26524;&#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#19977;&#38542;&#27573; (&#19977;&#26524;&#32854;&#32773;)&#65292;&#24050;&#23436;&#20840;&#26039;&#38500;&#36010;&#27442;&#33287;&#30603;&#24666;&#30340;&#26463;&#32283;&#65292;&#23559;&#19981;&#20877;&#25237;&#29983;&#20154;&#38291;&#65292;&#32780;&#26159;&#22312;&#26356;&#39640;&#30340;&#22825;&#30028; (&#22914;&#28136;&#23621;&#22825;) &#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/non-returner\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Anagamin<\/span>), and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat, Foe Destroyer, Dra chom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;\/&#32645;&#28450;\/ &#25033;&#20379; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26413;&#28847;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3921;&#3906;&#4018;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3964;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dgra bcom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arahant \/ Arahat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;An Arhat (foe destroyer of klesha or mental afflictions) is (usually a Hinayana practitioner) who has advanced along the path of enlightenment and has gained insight into true nature of existence (selflessness) but not yet reached full buddhahood.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Sanskrit, the word arhat means honoured, deserving. Arhat is one of Ten Titles of the Buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#20027;&#35201;&#29992;&#26044;&#23567;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#65292;&#26159;&#28040;&#28357;&#29033;&#24817;&#20167;&#25973;&#32773;&#12290;&#25033;&#20379;&#26159;&#20315;&#38464;&#21313;&#34399;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#20986;&#38626;&#19977;&#30028;&#29983;&#27515;&#65292;&#19981;&#21463;&#24460;&#19990;&#34314;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#33021;&#22816;&#21463;&#19968;&#20999;&#20154;&#12289;&#22825;&#20379;&#39178;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/arhat\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Arhat<\/span>. These are also referred to as the eight stages of progress and abiding (four paths and four fruits): the path and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Resultant or Fruition Vehicle; &#26524;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#36889;&#24067;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3926;&#4018;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(drebu ); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;bras bu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Resultant vehicle emphasizes union of the wisdom of emptiness (prajna) and the skillful means of great bliss.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26524;&#20056;&#26159;&#26234;&#24935;&#31354;&#24615;&#21450;&#22823;&#27138;&#26041;&#20415;&#30340;&#38617;&#36939;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/fruition-vehicle\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fruition<\/span> of Stream-Entry, the path and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Resultant or Fruition Vehicle; &#26524;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#36889;&#24067;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3926;&#4018;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(drebu ); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;bras bu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Resultant vehicle emphasizes union of the wisdom of emptiness (prajna) and the skillful means of great bliss.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26524;&#20056;&#26159;&#26234;&#24935;&#31354;&#24615;&#21450;&#22823;&#27138;&#26041;&#20415;&#30340;&#38617;&#36939;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/fruition-vehicle\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fruition<\/span> of Once-Return, the path and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Resultant or Fruition Vehicle; &#26524;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#36889;&#24067;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3926;&#4018;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(drebu ); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;bras bu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Resultant vehicle emphasizes union of the wisdom of emptiness (prajna) and the skillful means of great bliss.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26524;&#20056;&#26159;&#26234;&#24935;&#31354;&#24615;&#21450;&#22823;&#27138;&#26041;&#20415;&#30340;&#38617;&#36939;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/fruition-vehicle\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fruition<\/span> of Non-Return, and the path and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Resultant or Fruition Vehicle; &#26524;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#36889;&#24067;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3926;&#4018;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(drebu ); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;bras bu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Resultant vehicle emphasizes union of the wisdom of emptiness (prajna) and the skillful means of great bliss.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26524;&#20056;&#26159;&#26234;&#24935;&#31354;&#24615;&#21450;&#22823;&#27138;&#26041;&#20415;&#30340;&#38617;&#36939;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/fruition-vehicle\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fruition<\/span> of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat, Foe Destroyer, Dra chom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;\/&#32645;&#28450;\/ &#25033;&#20379; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26413;&#28847;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3921;&#3906;&#4018;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3964;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dgra bcom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arahant \/ Arahat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;An Arhat (foe destroyer of klesha or mental afflictions) is (usually a Hinayana practitioner) who has advanced along the path of enlightenment and has gained insight into true nature of existence (selflessness) but not yet reached full buddhahood.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Sanskrit, the word arhat means honoured, deserving. Arhat is one of Ten Titles of the Buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#20027;&#35201;&#29992;&#26044;&#23567;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#65292;&#26159;&#28040;&#28357;&#29033;&#24817;&#20167;&#25973;&#32773;&#12290;&#25033;&#20379;&#26159;&#20315;&#38464;&#21313;&#34399;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#20986;&#38626;&#19977;&#30028;&#29983;&#27515;&#65292;&#19981;&#21463;&#24460;&#19990;&#34314;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#33021;&#22816;&#21463;&#19968;&#20999;&#20154;&#12289;&#22825;&#20379;&#39178;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/arhat\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Arhat<\/span>ship (the worthy one). These four stages of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Resultant or Fruition Vehicle; &#26524;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#36889;&#24067;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3926;&#4018;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(drebu ); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;bras bu&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Resultant vehicle emphasizes union of the wisdom of emptiness (prajna) and the skillful means of great bliss.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26524;&#20056;&#26159;&#26234;&#24935;&#31354;&#24615;&#21450;&#22823;&#27138;&#26041;&#20415;&#30340;&#38617;&#36939;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/fruition-vehicle\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">fruition<\/span> are all results of the practitioner&rsquo;s continuous deepening realization of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of self.<\/p><h3>The Stages of Liberation<\/h3><p>After attaining the stage of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Stream-enterer, First stage of enlightenment; &#21021;&#26524;, &#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#38920;&#38464;&#27961;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3956;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3930;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3931;&#3956;&#3939;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gy&uuml;n mtshams &amp;#039;dzul pa); Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Srotapanna&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A Srotapanna is someone who has entered the &amp;quot;stream&amp;quot; leading to Nirvana and will attain enlightenment within seven lifetimes, having eradicated the first three fetters (samyojana):\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Belief in a permanent self (sakkaya-ditthi).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Doubt about the Dharma (vicikiccha).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata-paramasa).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#38920;&#38464;&#27961; (&#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#21021;&#26524;&#32854;&#32773;) &#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#19968;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#25351;&#24050;&#36914;&#20837;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#12300;&#27969;&#12301;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#65292;&#23559;&#22312;&#19971;&#19990;&#20839;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#65292;&#24050;&#26039;&#38500;&#19977;&#32080;&#65306;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36523;&#35211; (&#23565;&#27704;&#24646;&#33258;&#25105;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#30097; (&#23565;&#20315;&#27861;&#30340;&#25079;&#30097;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#25106;&#31105;&#21462; (&#23565;&#20736;&#24335;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/stream-enterer\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stream-enterer<\/span>, practitioners become <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Noble Being, Pagpa, Phagpa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#32854;&#32773;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24085;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3944;&#3953;&#3938;&#4017; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(arya)&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3925;&#3906;&#3942;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(phak pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;phags pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arya&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Arya, Pagpa, Phagpa, Noble Being, is a person who has achieved direct realization of the true nature of reality, the third (path of insight) of the five paths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#32854;&#32773;&#19968;&#20491;&#30452;&#35657;&#30495;&#23526;&#26412;&#24615;&#30340;&#20154;&#65292;&#20116;&#36947;&#20013;&#30340;&#31532;&#19977;&#36947;&#65288;&#35211;&#36947;&#20301;&#65289;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/noble-being\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">noble being<\/span>s who have achieved <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa, Enlightenment, Liberation, Tharpa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;, &#35258;&#24735; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#20182;&#24052;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3938;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (thar pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;thar pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Moksha refers to the state of liberation from the cycle of rebirth, attained through the eradication of defilements and the cessation of suffering. It is the ultimate goal of the early Buddhist traditions and the non-Mahayana paths, where it is achieved by realizing the four noble truths and following the noble eightfold path. Moksha is characterized by the complete freedom from the causes of suffering, the cessation of karmic formation, and the attainment of nirvana. Unlike bodhi, which includes the active compassion and wisdom of a buddha, moksha is primarily defined by the absence of defilements and the personal freedom from cyclic existence. In the Mahayana framework, moksha is seen as a preliminary stage, while bodhi represents the fully perfected state of a buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;&#25351;&#24478;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#29554;&#24471;&#31350;&#31455;&#33258;&#30001;&#20043;&#29376;&#24907;&#65292;&#36879;&#36942;&#26039;&#38500;&#29033;&#24817;&#33287;&#27490;&#24687;&#33510;&#22240;&#32780;&#35657;&#24471;&#12290;&#27492;&#28858;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#33287;&#38750;&#22823;&#20056;&#36947;&#30340;&#26368;&#32066;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#32147;&#30001;&#20102;&#30693;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#33287;&#20462;&#25345;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#12290;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#23436;&#20840;&#33067;&#38626;&#33510;&#22240;&#12289;&#27490;&#24687;&#26989;&#21147;&#20043;&#36896;&#20316;&#65292;&#20006;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&#19981;&#21516;&#26044;&#33769;&#25552;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#20027;&#35201;&#20197;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#29060;&#28357;&#33287;&#20491;&#20154;&#20986;&#38626;&#36650;&#36852;&#28858;&#23450;&#32681;&#65292;&#32780;&#38750;&#21253;&#21547;&#20315;&#38464;&#31309;&#26997;&#30340;&#24754;&#26234;&#21151;&#24503;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#26694;&#26550;&#20013;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#21069;&#34892;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#32780;&#33769;&#25552;&#21063;&#20195;&#34920;&#20315;&#38464;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#31350;&#31455;&#26524;&#20301;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/moksa\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">liberation<\/span>. These four stages can be further subdivided into twenty types of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Gendun, Sangha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20711;&#23542;, &#20711;&#20285; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32102;&#25958;\/&#26684;&#38931;\/&#26681;&#30331;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3921;&#3906;&#3962;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3956;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gendun); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dge &amp;#039;dun&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;gha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sangha is the community of practitioners following the teachings of the Buddha. Gendun is a common Tibetan name. Alternate spelling \/ Variations: Gend&uuml;n, Ged&uuml;n, Gedun, Gedhun.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20711;&#20285;&#26159;&#20315;&#27861;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;, &#26159;&#20462;&#36947;&#19978;&#30340;&#21451;&#20276;&#12290;&#20711;&#23542;&#25351;&#24050;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#12290;&#32102;&#25958; \/ &nbsp;&#26684;&#38931; \/ &#26681;&#30331; \/ &#26681;&#25958; &#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#65292;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/%e0%bd%91%e0%bd%82%e0%bd%ba%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%a0%e0%bd%91%e0%bd%b4%e0%bd%93\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Sangha<\/span>. In the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Alamkara \/ Ornament \/ Adornment \/ Decoration; &#33674;&#22196;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#26391;&#36838;&#32645;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gyen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rgyan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#257;la&#7747;k&#257;ra;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Alamkara refers to that which adorns, beautifies, or illuminates an object or text. In its general sense, it denotes any form of decoration or embellishment. Within the Buddhist literary tradition, it takes on a specific technical meaning when used as a suffix in treatise titles, particularly the works attributed to Maitreya. In this context, it signifies a work that systematically organizes and clarifies the scattered teachings of the s&#363;tras, revealing their hidden meanings and presenting them in a clear, structured format. Such texts are considered &amp;quot;ornaments&amp;quot; in the sense that they enhance the understanding of the original scriptures, making their profound intent accessible to practitioners. The term also appears in Sanskrit poetics where it refers to the art of rhetorical embellishment and figurative language.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#33674;&#22196;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#27867;&#25351;&#29992;&#20197;&#35037;&#39166;&#12289;&#32654;&#21270;&#25110;&#24432;&#39023;&#20107;&#29289;&#20043;&#21151;&#24503;&#25110;&#29305;&#36074;&#32773;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#32147;&#35542;&#27161;&#38988;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#29305;&#25351;&#33021;&#31995;&#32113;&#24615;&#22320;&#32068;&#32340;&#33287;&#38369;&#26126;&#32147;&#20856;&#28145;&#32681;&#30340;&#35542;&#33879;&#65292;&#23559;&#25955;&#35498;&#26044;&#35576;&#32147;&#20013;&#30340;&#25945;&#27861;&#25972;&#29702;&#28858;&#28165;&#26224;&#22196;&#35641;&#30340;&#26550;&#27083;&#65292;&#29494;&#22914;&#28858;&#20315;&#32147;&#28155;&#21152;&#33674;&#22196;&#20043;&#39166;&#65292;&#20351;&#20854;&#38577;&#32681;&#24471;&#20197;&#24432;&#39023;&#12290;&#27492;&#39006;&#35542;&#33879;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#12300;&#33674;&#22196;&#12301;&#65292;&#22240;&#20854;&#33021;&#20196;&#23416;&#20154;&#26356;&#26131;&#36890;&#36948;&#20315;&#32147;&#30340;&#26412;&#25079;&#33287;&#23494;&#24847;&#12290;&#27492;&#35422;&#22312;&#26805;&#25991;&#25991;&#23416;&#29702;&#35542;&#20013;&#20134;&#25351;&#20462;&#36781;&#23416;&#33287;&#35433;&#33674;&#22196;&#35542;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/alamkara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Ornament<\/span> of Clear Realization (Abhisamay<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Alamkara \/ Ornament \/ Adornment \/ Decoration; &#33674;&#22196;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#26391;&#36838;&#32645;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gyen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rgyan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#257;la&#7747;k&#257;ra;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Alamkara refers to that which adorns, beautifies, or illuminates an object or text. In its general sense, it denotes any form of decoration or embellishment. Within the Buddhist literary tradition, it takes on a specific technical meaning when used as a suffix in treatise titles, particularly the works attributed to Maitreya. In this context, it signifies a work that systematically organizes and clarifies the scattered teachings of the s&#363;tras, revealing their hidden meanings and presenting them in a clear, structured format. Such texts are considered &amp;quot;ornaments&amp;quot; in the sense that they enhance the understanding of the original scriptures, making their profound intent accessible to practitioners. The term also appears in Sanskrit poetics where it refers to the art of rhetorical embellishment and figurative language.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#33674;&#22196;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#27867;&#25351;&#29992;&#20197;&#35037;&#39166;&#12289;&#32654;&#21270;&#25110;&#24432;&#39023;&#20107;&#29289;&#20043;&#21151;&#24503;&#25110;&#29305;&#36074;&#32773;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#32147;&#35542;&#27161;&#38988;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#29305;&#25351;&#33021;&#31995;&#32113;&#24615;&#22320;&#32068;&#32340;&#33287;&#38369;&#26126;&#32147;&#20856;&#28145;&#32681;&#30340;&#35542;&#33879;&#65292;&#23559;&#25955;&#35498;&#26044;&#35576;&#32147;&#20013;&#30340;&#25945;&#27861;&#25972;&#29702;&#28858;&#28165;&#26224;&#22196;&#35641;&#30340;&#26550;&#27083;&#65292;&#29494;&#22914;&#28858;&#20315;&#32147;&#28155;&#21152;&#33674;&#22196;&#20043;&#39166;&#65292;&#20351;&#20854;&#38577;&#32681;&#24471;&#20197;&#24432;&#39023;&#12290;&#27492;&#39006;&#35542;&#33879;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#12300;&#33674;&#22196;&#12301;&#65292;&#22240;&#20854;&#33021;&#20196;&#23416;&#20154;&#26356;&#26131;&#36890;&#36948;&#20315;&#32147;&#30340;&#26412;&#25079;&#33287;&#23494;&#24847;&#12290;&#27492;&#35422;&#22312;&#26805;&#25991;&#25991;&#23416;&#29702;&#35542;&#20013;&#20134;&#25351;&#20462;&#36781;&#23416;&#33287;&#35433;&#33674;&#22196;&#35542;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/alamkara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">alamkara<\/span>), it is said:&nbsp;<\/p><ul><li>those with dull faculties and<\/li><li>those with sharp faculties,<\/li><li>those who rely on faith,<\/li><li>those who see directly,<\/li><li>householders,<\/li><li>celestial beings,<\/li><li>intermediates,<\/li><li>those who pass away in <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhyana, Meditative Absorption, Meditation, Contemplation, Mental Concentration, Samten&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#23450;, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;,&nbsp;&#38748;&#24942;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#19977;&#28359;\/&#26705;&#20025;); Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tibetan&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3942;&#3928;&#3851;&#3906;&#3919;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sam tan); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bsam gtan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhy&#257;na&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Jhana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Dhyana refers to the meditative states of deep concentration that are developed through the practice of calming the mind. It is one of the central concepts in Buddhist meditation, particularly in the development of right concentration, which is the eighth factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. Dhyana is often translated as &amp;quot;meditation&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;absorption,&amp;quot; but it specifically refers to the advanced states of mental unification that arise from sustained attention on a single object. There are traditionally four dhyanas, which are classified according to their characteristics and the mental factors present in each state. These states are characterized by the progressive abandonment of coarse mental factors and the development of increasingly refined states of bliss, one-pointedness, and equanimity. In the Vajrayana tradition, dhyana is also referred to as the &amp;quot;perfection of meditative concentration&amp;quot; and is one of the six perfections. Samten is a common Tibetan name.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;&#26159;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#32722;&#27490;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#28145;&#23652;&#23560;&#27880;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#23427;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#31146;&#20462;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#27010;&#24565;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#29305;&#21029;&#26159;&#22312;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#20013;&#27491;&#23450;&#30340;&#20462;&#32722;&#20013;&#12290;&#31146;&#37027;&#24120;&#35695;&#28858;&#12300;&#31146;&#23450;&#12301;&#25110;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#12301;&#65292;&#20294;&#29305;&#25351;&#30001;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#25152;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#36914;&#38542;&#31146;&#23450;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#20659;&#32113;&#19978;&#26377;&#22235;&#31278;&#31146;&#37027;&#65292;&#20381;&#20854;&#29305;&#24501;&#21450;&#30456;&#25033;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#32780;&#20998;&#39006;&#12290;&#36889;&#20123;&#29376;&#24907;&#30340;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#36880;&#27493;&#25448;&#38626;&#36611;&#31895;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#20006;&#30332;&#23637;&#24840;&#20358;&#24840;&#24494;&#32048;&#30340;&#21916;&#12289;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#33287;&#25448;&#12290;&#22312;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#31146;&#37027;&#20134;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#12301;&#65292;&#28858;&#20845;&#24230;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#26705;&#20025;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/meditation-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">meditation<\/span>,<\/li><li>those born in <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhyana, Meditative Absorption, Meditation, Contemplation, Mental Concentration, Samten&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#23450;, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;,&nbsp;&#38748;&#24942;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#19977;&#28359;\/&#26705;&#20025;); Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tibetan&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3942;&#3928;&#3851;&#3906;&#3919;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sam tan); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bsam gtan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhy&#257;na&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Jhana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Dhyana refers to the meditative states of deep concentration that are developed through the practice of calming the mind. It is one of the central concepts in Buddhist meditation, particularly in the development of right concentration, which is the eighth factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. Dhyana is often translated as &amp;quot;meditation&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;absorption,&amp;quot; but it specifically refers to the advanced states of mental unification that arise from sustained attention on a single object. There are traditionally four dhyanas, which are classified according to their characteristics and the mental factors present in each state. These states are characterized by the progressive abandonment of coarse mental factors and the development of increasingly refined states of bliss, one-pointedness, and equanimity. In the Vajrayana tradition, dhyana is also referred to as the &amp;quot;perfection of meditative concentration&amp;quot; and is one of the six perfections. Samten is a common Tibetan name.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;&#26159;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#32722;&#27490;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#28145;&#23652;&#23560;&#27880;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#23427;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#31146;&#20462;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#27010;&#24565;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#29305;&#21029;&#26159;&#22312;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#20013;&#27491;&#23450;&#30340;&#20462;&#32722;&#20013;&#12290;&#31146;&#37027;&#24120;&#35695;&#28858;&#12300;&#31146;&#23450;&#12301;&#25110;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#12301;&#65292;&#20294;&#29305;&#25351;&#30001;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#25152;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#36914;&#38542;&#31146;&#23450;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#20659;&#32113;&#19978;&#26377;&#22235;&#31278;&#31146;&#37027;&#65292;&#20381;&#20854;&#29305;&#24501;&#21450;&#30456;&#25033;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#32780;&#20998;&#39006;&#12290;&#36889;&#20123;&#29376;&#24907;&#30340;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#36880;&#27493;&#25448;&#38626;&#36611;&#31895;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#20006;&#30332;&#23637;&#24840;&#20358;&#24840;&#24494;&#32048;&#30340;&#21916;&#12289;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#33287;&#25448;&#12290;&#22312;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#31146;&#37027;&#20134;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#12301;&#65292;&#28858;&#20845;&#24230;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#26705;&#20025;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/meditation-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">meditation<\/span>,<\/li><li>those who act with effort,<\/li><li>those who act without effort,<\/li><li>those who transcend completely,<\/li><li>those who transcend partially,<\/li><li>those who perish everywhere,<\/li><li>those who achieve immediate <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation; &#28357;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(gok pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;gog pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation of suffering is the third of the Four Noble Truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28357;&#35558;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#19977;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirodha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cessation<\/span>,<\/li><li>those who realize through the body, and<\/li><li>those like unicorns.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/li><\/ul><p>Master <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pacify&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#27490;&#24687;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#35199;&#30342;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3934;&#3954;&#3851;&#3926;&#4017;&#3962;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (shi che); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;zhi byed&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Shanti&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pacify\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Shanti<\/span>mati explains that these verses explicitly mention seventeen categories of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Gendun, Sangha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20711;&#23542;, &#20711;&#20285; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32102;&#25958;\/&#26684;&#38931;\/&#26681;&#30331;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3921;&#3906;&#3962;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3956;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gendun); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dge &amp;#039;dun&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;gha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sangha is the community of practitioners following the teachings of the Buddha. Gendun is a common Tibetan name. Alternate spelling \/ Variations: Gend&uuml;n, Ged&uuml;n, Gedun, Gedhun.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20711;&#20285;&#26159;&#20315;&#27861;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;, &#26159;&#20462;&#36947;&#19978;&#30340;&#21451;&#20276;&#12290;&#20711;&#23542;&#25351;&#24050;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#12290;&#32102;&#25958; \/ &nbsp;&#26684;&#38931; \/ &#26681;&#30331; \/ &#26681;&#25958; &#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#65292;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/%e0%bd%91%e0%bd%82%e0%bd%ba%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%a0%e0%bd%91%e0%bd%b4%e0%bd%93\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Sangha<\/span>:<\/p><ul><li>dull faculties,<\/li><li>sharp faculties,<\/li><li>faith-based practitioners,<\/li><li>direct seers,<\/li><li>householders,<\/li><li>celestial householders,<\/li><li>intermediates,<\/li><li>those passing away in <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhyana, Meditative Absorption, Meditation, Contemplation, Mental Concentration, Samten&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#23450;, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;,&nbsp;&#38748;&#24942;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#19977;&#28359;\/&#26705;&#20025;); Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tibetan&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3942;&#3928;&#3851;&#3906;&#3919;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sam tan); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bsam gtan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhy&#257;na&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Jhana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Dhyana refers to the meditative states of deep concentration that are developed through the practice of calming the mind. It is one of the central concepts in Buddhist meditation, particularly in the development of right concentration, which is the eighth factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. Dhyana is often translated as &amp;quot;meditation&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;absorption,&amp;quot; but it specifically refers to the advanced states of mental unification that arise from sustained attention on a single object. There are traditionally four dhyanas, which are classified according to their characteristics and the mental factors present in each state. These states are characterized by the progressive abandonment of coarse mental factors and the development of increasingly refined states of bliss, one-pointedness, and equanimity. In the Vajrayana tradition, dhyana is also referred to as the &amp;quot;perfection of meditative concentration&amp;quot; and is one of the six perfections. Samten is a common Tibetan name.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;&#26159;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#32722;&#27490;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#28145;&#23652;&#23560;&#27880;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#23427;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#31146;&#20462;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#27010;&#24565;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#29305;&#21029;&#26159;&#22312;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#20013;&#27491;&#23450;&#30340;&#20462;&#32722;&#20013;&#12290;&#31146;&#37027;&#24120;&#35695;&#28858;&#12300;&#31146;&#23450;&#12301;&#25110;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#12301;&#65292;&#20294;&#29305;&#25351;&#30001;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#25152;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#36914;&#38542;&#31146;&#23450;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#20659;&#32113;&#19978;&#26377;&#22235;&#31278;&#31146;&#37027;&#65292;&#20381;&#20854;&#29305;&#24501;&#21450;&#30456;&#25033;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#32780;&#20998;&#39006;&#12290;&#36889;&#20123;&#29376;&#24907;&#30340;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#36880;&#27493;&#25448;&#38626;&#36611;&#31895;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#20006;&#30332;&#23637;&#24840;&#20358;&#24840;&#24494;&#32048;&#30340;&#21916;&#12289;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#33287;&#25448;&#12290;&#22312;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#31146;&#37027;&#20134;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#12301;&#65292;&#28858;&#20845;&#24230;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#26705;&#20025;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/meditation-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">meditation<\/span>,<\/li><li>those born in <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhyana, Meditative Absorption, Meditation, Contemplation, Mental Concentration, Samten&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#23450;, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;,&nbsp;&#38748;&#24942;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#19977;&#28359;\/&#26705;&#20025;); Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tibetan&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3942;&#3928;&#3851;&#3906;&#3919;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sam tan); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bsam gtan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhy&#257;na&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Jhana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Dhyana refers to the meditative states of deep concentration that are developed through the practice of calming the mind. It is one of the central concepts in Buddhist meditation, particularly in the development of right concentration, which is the eighth factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. Dhyana is often translated as &amp;quot;meditation&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;absorption,&amp;quot; but it specifically refers to the advanced states of mental unification that arise from sustained attention on a single object. There are traditionally four dhyanas, which are classified according to their characteristics and the mental factors present in each state. These states are characterized by the progressive abandonment of coarse mental factors and the development of increasingly refined states of bliss, one-pointedness, and equanimity. In the Vajrayana tradition, dhyana is also referred to as the &amp;quot;perfection of meditative concentration&amp;quot; and is one of the six perfections. Samten is a common Tibetan name.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;&#26159;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#32722;&#27490;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#28145;&#23652;&#23560;&#27880;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#23427;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#31146;&#20462;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#27010;&#24565;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#29305;&#21029;&#26159;&#22312;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#20013;&#27491;&#23450;&#30340;&#20462;&#32722;&#20013;&#12290;&#31146;&#37027;&#24120;&#35695;&#28858;&#12300;&#31146;&#23450;&#12301;&#25110;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#12301;&#65292;&#20294;&#29305;&#25351;&#30001;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#25152;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#36914;&#38542;&#31146;&#23450;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#20659;&#32113;&#19978;&#26377;&#22235;&#31278;&#31146;&#37027;&#65292;&#20381;&#20854;&#29305;&#24501;&#21450;&#30456;&#25033;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#32780;&#20998;&#39006;&#12290;&#36889;&#20123;&#29376;&#24907;&#30340;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#36880;&#27493;&#25448;&#38626;&#36611;&#31895;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#20006;&#30332;&#23637;&#24840;&#20358;&#24840;&#24494;&#32048;&#30340;&#21916;&#12289;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#33287;&#25448;&#12290;&#22312;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#31146;&#37027;&#20134;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#12301;&#65292;&#28858;&#20845;&#24230;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#26705;&#20025;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/meditation-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">meditation<\/span>,<\/li><li>those acting with effort,<\/li><li>those acting without effort,<\/li><li>complete transcendents,<\/li><li>partial transcendents,<\/li><li>universal perishing ones,<\/li><li>those achieving immediate <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation; &#28357;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#3964;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(gok pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;gog pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirodha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirodha, Cessation of suffering is the third of the Four Noble Truths.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28357;&#35558;&#26159;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#20043;&#19977;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirodha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">cessation<\/span>,<\/li><li>those realizing through the body, and<\/li><li>unicorn-like practitioners.<\/li><\/ul><p>Implicitly mentioned are three additional categories: <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Stream-enterer, First stage of enlightenment; &#21021;&#26524;, &#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#38920;&#38464;&#27961;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3956;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3930;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3936;&#3931;&#3956;&#3939;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gy&uuml;n mtshams &amp;#039;dzul pa); Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Srotapanna&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A Srotapanna is someone who has entered the &amp;quot;stream&amp;quot; leading to Nirvana and will attain enlightenment within seven lifetimes, having eradicated the first three fetters (samyojana):\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Belief in a permanent self (sakkaya-ditthi).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Doubt about the Dharma (vicikiccha).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata-paramasa).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#38920;&#38464;&#27961; (&#38928;&#27969;&#26524;, &#21021;&#26524;&#32854;&#32773;) &#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#19968;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#25351;&#24050;&#36914;&#20837;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#12300;&#27969;&#12301;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#65292;&#23559;&#22312;&#19971;&#19990;&#20839;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#65292;&#24050;&#26039;&#38500;&#19977;&#32080;&#65306;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36523;&#35211; (&#23565;&#27704;&#24646;&#33258;&#25105;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#30097; (&#23565;&#20315;&#27861;&#30340;&#25079;&#30097;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#25106;&#31105;&#21462; (&#23565;&#20736;&#24335;&#30340;&#22519;&#33879;)&#12290;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/stream-enterer\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">stream-enterer<\/span>s, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Once-returner, Second stage of enlightenment; &#19968;&#20358;&#26524; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26031;&#38464;&#21547;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3939;&#3964;&#3851;&#3920;&#3962;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3906;&#3909;&#3954;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor lo thengs gcig pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sakrdagamin&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;A Sakrdagamin, once-returner is someone who has significantly weakened the fetters of sensual desire (kama-raga) and ill-will (vyapada) and will be reborn in the human realm only once more before attaining enlightenment.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26031;&#38464;&#21547;, &#19968;&#20358;&#26524;, &#26159;&#35657;&#24735;&#30340;&#31532;&#20108;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#24050;&#22823;&#24133;&#28187;&#24369;&#36010;&#27442;&#33287;&#30603;&#24666;&#30340;&#26463;&#32283;&#65292;&#23559;&#20677;&#20877;&#25237;&#29983;&#20154;&#38291;&#19968;&#27425;&#65292;&#20043;&#24460;&#20415;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/once-returner\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">once-returner<\/span>s, and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat, Foe Destroyer, Dra chom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;\/&#32645;&#28450;\/ &#25033;&#20379; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26413;&#28847;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3921;&#3906;&#4018;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3964;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dgra bcom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arahant \/ Arahat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;An Arhat (foe destroyer of klesha or mental afflictions) is (usually a Hinayana practitioner) who has advanced along the path of enlightenment and has gained insight into true nature of existence (selflessness) but not yet reached full buddhahood.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Sanskrit, the word arhat means honoured, deserving. Arhat is one of Ten Titles of the Buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#20027;&#35201;&#29992;&#26044;&#23567;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#65292;&#26159;&#28040;&#28357;&#29033;&#24817;&#20167;&#25973;&#32773;&#12290;&#25033;&#20379;&#26159;&#20315;&#38464;&#21313;&#34399;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#20986;&#38626;&#19977;&#30028;&#29983;&#27515;&#65292;&#19981;&#21463;&#24460;&#19990;&#34314;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#33021;&#22816;&#21463;&#19968;&#20999;&#20154;&#12289;&#22825;&#20379;&#39178;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/arhat\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Arhat<\/span> aspirants, totaling the &laquo;&nbsp;Twenty Types of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Gendun, Sangha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20711;&#23542;, &#20711;&#20285; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32102;&#25958;\/&#26684;&#38931;\/&#26681;&#30331;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3921;&#3906;&#3962;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3956;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (gendun); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dge &amp;#039;dun&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;gha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sangha is the community of practitioners following the teachings of the Buddha. Gendun is a common Tibetan name. Alternate spelling \/ Variations: Gend&uuml;n, Ged&uuml;n, Gedun, Gedhun.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20711;&#20285;&#26159;&#20315;&#27861;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;, &#26159;&#20462;&#36947;&#19978;&#30340;&#21451;&#20276;&#12290;&#20711;&#23542;&#25351;&#24050;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#12290;&#32102;&#25958; \/ &nbsp;&#26684;&#38931; \/ &#26681;&#30331; \/ &#26681;&#25958; &#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#65292;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/%e0%bd%91%e0%bd%82%e0%bd%ba%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%a0%e0%bd%91%e0%bd%b4%e0%bd%93\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Sangha<\/span>.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/p><h3>Arhats<\/h3><p><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat, Foe Destroyer, Dra chom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;\/&#32645;&#28450;\/ &#25033;&#20379; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26413;&#28847;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3921;&#3906;&#4018;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3964;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dgra bcom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arahant \/ Arahat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;An Arhat (foe destroyer of klesha or mental afflictions) is (usually a Hinayana practitioner) who has advanced along the path of enlightenment and has gained insight into true nature of existence (selflessness) but not yet reached full buddhahood.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Sanskrit, the word arhat means honoured, deserving. Arhat is one of Ten Titles of the Buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#20027;&#35201;&#29992;&#26044;&#23567;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#65292;&#26159;&#28040;&#28357;&#29033;&#24817;&#20167;&#25973;&#32773;&#12290;&#25033;&#20379;&#26159;&#20315;&#38464;&#21313;&#34399;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#20986;&#38626;&#19977;&#30028;&#29983;&#27515;&#65292;&#19981;&#21463;&#24460;&#19990;&#34314;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#33021;&#22816;&#21463;&#19968;&#20999;&#20154;&#12289;&#22825;&#20379;&#39178;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/arhat\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Arhat<\/span>s, through perfecting the practice of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of the personal self and the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#35558;&#21313;&#20845;&#34892;&#30456;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3934;&#3954;&#3936;&#3954;&#3851;&#3938;&#4003;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3956;&#3851;&#3921;&#4018;&#3956;&#3906; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(denpa shyi nampa chudruk); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden pa bzhi&amp;#039;i rnam pa bcu drug&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;1. Suffering &#33510;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#24120; Impermanence (Anitya)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#33510; Suffering (Duhkha)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#25105; elflessness (Anatmaka)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#31354; Emptiness (Sunyata)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n2. Origination &#38598;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22240; Cause (hetu)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#38598; rigination (samudaya&#3851;)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#29983; Intense Arising (prabhava)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#32227; Condition (pratyaya)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n3. Cessation &#28357;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28357; Cessation (nirodha)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#38748; Peace (santa)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22937; Perfection (pranita)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#38626; True Deliverance (nihsarana)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n4. Path &#36947;&#35558;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36947; Path (marga)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22914; Appropriate (nyaya)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#34892; Accomplish (pratipatti)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#20986; Truly Delivering (nairyanika)&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/sixteen-aspects\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sixteen aspects<\/span> of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Four Noble Truths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3926;&#3934;&#3954;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(bden-pa bzhi); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden pa bzhi&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Catvari aryasatyani&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945; &#25152;&#26377;&#23447;&#27966;&#20849;&#21516;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#25945;&#32681;&#65292;&#37323;&#36838;&#29279;&#23612;&#20315;&#25104;&#36947;&#24460;&#33267;&#40575;&#37326;&#33489;&#21021;&#36681;&#27861;&#36650;&#23459;&#35611;:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The four noble truths are the first teachings given by the Buddha, It is the foundation and one of the most important teachings common to all branches of Buddhism:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Suffering (Dukkha) is an innate characteristic of existence &#33510;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Origin or cause (Samudaya) of suffering &#38598;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Cessation (Nirodha) of suffering &#28357;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Path (Magga) to stop suffering &#36947;&#35558;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/four-noble-truths\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Four Noble Truths<\/span>, ultimately attain two types of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span>: &laquo;&nbsp;<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span> with remainder&nbsp;&raquo; and &laquo;&nbsp;<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span> without remainder.&nbsp;&raquo; Although <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat, Foe Destroyer, Dra chom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;\/&#32645;&#28450;\/ &#25033;&#20379; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26413;&#28847;&#24052;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan:&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#3921;&#3906;&#4018;&#3851;&#3926;&#3909;&#3964;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dgra bcom pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arhat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Arahant \/ Arahat&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;An Arhat (foe destroyer of klesha or mental afflictions) is (usually a Hinayana practitioner) who has advanced along the path of enlightenment and has gained insight into true nature of existence (selflessness) but not yet reached full buddhahood.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Sanskrit, the word arhat means honoured, deserving. Arhat is one of Ten Titles of the Buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#38463;&#32645;&#28450;&#20027;&#35201;&#29992;&#26044;&#23567;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#65292;&#26159;&#28040;&#28357;&#29033;&#24817;&#20167;&#25973;&#32773;&#12290;&#25033;&#20379;&#26159;&#20315;&#38464;&#21313;&#34399;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#20986;&#38626;&#19977;&#30028;&#29983;&#27515;&#65292;&#19981;&#21463;&#24460;&#19990;&#34314;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#33021;&#22816;&#21463;&#19968;&#20999;&#20154;&#12289;&#22825;&#20379;&#39178;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/arhat\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Arhat<\/span>s have eradicated all <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s and karmic obstructions, because their <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s (the body formed by the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s) still exist, this state is called &laquo;&nbsp;<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span> with remainder.&nbsp;&raquo; When the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s cease to exist, only the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span> realized through the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of the personal self remains, which is called &laquo;&nbsp;<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span> without remainder.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/p><h3>Suffering of Samsara<\/h3><p>Both types of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Nirvana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#37312;&#24180;&#36845;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3928;&#4017;&#3851;&#3908;&#3923;&#3851;&#3936;&#3921;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (nya ngen de); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mya ngan &amp;#039;das&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nirv&#257;&#7751;a&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nibbana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#28037;&#27075;&#23383;&#38754;&#19978;&#24847;&#32681;&#26159;&#29060;&#28357;&#12289;&#28165;&#28092;&#12290;&#27963;&#22312;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#30340;&#20154;&#21487;&#20197;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#25345;&#20315;&#27861;&#65292;&#27490;&#24687;&#30171;&#33510;&#12289;&#25850;&#33067;&#26989;&#21147;&#65292;&#29554;&#24471;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Nirvana means extinguished, or cool. Nirvana is the cessation of suffering and the liberation from karma in Samsara.&nbsp; Individuals can attain the state of Nirvana and enlightenment through Buddha Dharma practices.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/nirvana-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>nirvana<\/span> are attained through the continuous cultivation of the non-self of the person. Practitioners who wish to realize the non-self of the person must understand that the defiled <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s (conditioned by <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma, Action&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;, &#26989;&#26524;, &#34892;&#21205;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#38647; , &#22030;&#40635;);&nbsp; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (le), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3938;&#4008;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (karma);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;las&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Karma is the universal law that brings results or effects from causes of ones conscious actions. The results may take an uncertain amount of time and other conditions to mature.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;&#26159;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#27861;&#21063;&#65292;&#25152;&#26377;&#26377;&#24847;&#35672;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#26371;&#24118;&#20358;&#22240;&#26524;&#22577;&#25033;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/karma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>karma<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s) are impermanent and subject to collapse at any time, thus not inherently existent. <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sentient Beings, Semchen;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26862;&#38291;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sem chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sems can&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sattva;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sentient beings refer to all living creatures that possess consciousness and are subject to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. In Buddhist cosmology, this term encompasses beings in all six realms of existence, including gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. What distinguishes sentient beings from inanimate objects (plants, for example) is their capacity for perception, feeling, and karmic action. They are driven by ignorance, desire, and aversion, which perpetuate their wandering in cyclic existence. The awakening of sentient beings to their true nature is the central concern of the Buddhist path, and the aspiration to liberate them from suffering is the foundation of the bodhisattva ideal and the generation of bodhicitta.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26377;&#24773;&#27867;&#25351;&#19968;&#20999;&#20855;&#26377;&#24515;&#35672;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33021;&#21147;&#65292;&#20006;&#21463;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#25152;&#26463;&#32283;&#30340;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#23431;&#23449;&#35264;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#28085;&#33995;&#20845;&#36947;&#20013;&#30340;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#65292;&#21253;&#25324;&#22825;&#12289;&#38463;&#20462;&#32645;&#12289;&#20154;&#12289;&#30044;&#29983;&#12289;&#39187;&#39740;&#33287;&#22320;&#29508;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#33287;&#28961;&#24773;&#29289;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20855;&#26377;&#24863;&#30693;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33287;&#36896;&#26989;&#30340;&#33021;&#21147;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#36010;&#24859;&#33287;&#30603;&#24680;&#25152;&#39493;&#20351;&#65292;&#22240;&#27492;&#32780;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#27969;&#36681;&#19981;&#24687;&#12290;&#20196;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#35258;&#24735;&#20854;&#30495;&#23526;&#26412;&#24615;&#65292;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#38364;&#25079;&#65292;&#32780;&#30332;&#39000;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#33067;&#38626;&#30171;&#33510;&#65292;&#21063;&#26159;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#33287;&#29983;&#36215;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/semchen\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentient beings<\/span> in <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span> acquire <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s due to the influence of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma, Action&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;, &#26989;&#26524;, &#34892;&#21205;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#38647; , &#22030;&#40635;);&nbsp; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (le), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3938;&#4008;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (karma);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;las&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Karma is the universal law that brings results or effects from causes of ones conscious actions. The results may take an uncertain amount of time and other conditions to mature.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;&#26159;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#27861;&#21063;&#65292;&#25152;&#26377;&#26377;&#24847;&#35672;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#26371;&#24118;&#20358;&#22240;&#26524;&#22577;&#25033;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/karma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>karma<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s, and all phenomena experienced in life fall into three types of suffering:<\/p><ul><li><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Three sufferings; &#19977;&#33510;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#26460;&#20839;&#23403;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(duk ngel sum); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sdug bsngal gsum&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19977;&#33510;&#26159;: Three sufferings are:\n&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#33510;&#33510; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Suffering of suffering&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, direct pain and hardship. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&#3851;&#3906;&#3954;&#3851;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22750;&#33510; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Suffering of change&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, arising from the impermanence. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#4017;&#3956;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&#3936;&#3954;&#3851;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#34892;&#33510; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;All pervasive suffering,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; suffering of conditioning, suffering of propensities, suffering of samsaric existence due to impermanence and karma. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3956;&#3851;&#3926;&#4017;&#3962;&#3921;&#3851;&#3904;&#4017;&#3954;&#3851;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/three-sufferings\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">suffering of suffering<\/span> (birth, aging, sickness, death),<\/li><li><span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Three sufferings; &#19977;&#33510;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#26460;&#20839;&#23403;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(duk ngel sum); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sdug bsngal gsum&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19977;&#33510;&#26159;: Three sufferings are:\n&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#33510;&#33510; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Suffering of suffering&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, direct pain and hardship. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&#3851;&#3906;&#3954;&#3851;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#22750;&#33510; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Suffering of change&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, arising from the impermanence. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3906;&#4017;&#3956;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&#3936;&#3954;&#3851;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#34892;&#33510; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;All pervasive suffering,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; suffering of conditioning, suffering of propensities, suffering of samsaric existence due to impermanence and karma. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3956;&#3851;&#3926;&#4017;&#3962;&#3921;&#3851;&#3904;&#4017;&#3954;&#3851;&#3942;&#4001;&#3956;&#3906;&#3851;&#3926;&#3942;&#3988;&#3939;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/three-sufferings\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">suffering of change<\/span> (apparent happiness that is inherently painful), and<\/li><li>pervasive suffering (the unconscious process of decay from birth onward).<\/li><\/ul><p>Although celestial beings do not experience evident suffering, and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Naraka, Hell Beings&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22320;&#29508;&#36947;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#4017;&#3939;&#3851;&#3926; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(semchen nyalwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sems can dmyal ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: Naraka; &nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Hell beings (naraka) are one of the six classes of beings in Buddhist cosmology. Hell beings are reborn in hell realm caused by evil karma in they past lives.&nbsp; They suffer greatly in Hell realm for very long time in one of eight cold and eight hot Narakas. After the bad karma have run its cause, the hell beings have a chance for higher rebirth.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/naraka\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">hell beings<\/span> do not experience changing suffering, within the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Three Realms&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#19977;&#30028;, &#19977;&#26377;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24247;&#38924;&#65292;&#25749;&#38924;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3905;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (kham sum), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4018;&#3954;&#3921;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (si sum); Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Trailokya&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Trailokya, Tridhatu, Triloka, translated as three worlds, three realms, or three spheres, refers to the destinations of karmic rebirth within samsara:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Kamaloka \/ Kamadhatu, the Desire Realm&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Rupaloka \/ Rupadhatu, the Form Realm&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Arupaloka \/ Arupadhatu, the Formless Realm.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#30526;&#29983;&#36650;&#36852;&#26044;&#19977;&#30028;&#20839;:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#27442;&#30028;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#33394;&#30028;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#33394;&#30028;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/trailokya\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">three realms<\/span> of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span>&mdash;from the lowest hell to the highest heaven&mdash;no one can escape pervasive suffering. All <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sentient Beings, Semchen;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26862;&#38291;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sem chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sems can&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sattva;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sentient beings refer to all living creatures that possess consciousness and are subject to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. In Buddhist cosmology, this term encompasses beings in all six realms of existence, including gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. What distinguishes sentient beings from inanimate objects (plants, for example) is their capacity for perception, feeling, and karmic action. They are driven by ignorance, desire, and aversion, which perpetuate their wandering in cyclic existence. The awakening of sentient beings to their true nature is the central concern of the Buddhist path, and the aspiration to liberate them from suffering is the foundation of the bodhisattva ideal and the generation of bodhicitta.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26377;&#24773;&#27867;&#25351;&#19968;&#20999;&#20855;&#26377;&#24515;&#35672;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33021;&#21147;&#65292;&#20006;&#21463;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#25152;&#26463;&#32283;&#30340;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#23431;&#23449;&#35264;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#28085;&#33995;&#20845;&#36947;&#20013;&#30340;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#65292;&#21253;&#25324;&#22825;&#12289;&#38463;&#20462;&#32645;&#12289;&#20154;&#12289;&#30044;&#29983;&#12289;&#39187;&#39740;&#33287;&#22320;&#29508;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#33287;&#28961;&#24773;&#29289;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20855;&#26377;&#24863;&#30693;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33287;&#36896;&#26989;&#30340;&#33021;&#21147;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#36010;&#24859;&#33287;&#30603;&#24680;&#25152;&#39493;&#20351;&#65292;&#22240;&#27492;&#32780;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#27969;&#36681;&#19981;&#24687;&#12290;&#20196;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#35258;&#24735;&#20854;&#30495;&#23526;&#26412;&#24615;&#65292;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#38364;&#25079;&#65292;&#32780;&#30332;&#39000;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#33067;&#38626;&#30171;&#33510;&#65292;&#21063;&#26159;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#33287;&#29983;&#36215;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/semchen\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sentient beings<\/span> naturally avoid evident suffering, some recognize the futility of pursuing changing suffering, but pervasive suffering is difficult to perceive and comprehend. However, pervasive suffering permeates the entirety of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span>, making suffering the essence of cyclic existence.<\/p><h3>Fundamental Method to End Suffering<\/h3><p>To escape suffering, one must eliminate its causes&mdash;<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma, Action&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;, &#26989;&#26524;, &#34892;&#21205;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#38647; , &#22030;&#40635;);&nbsp; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (le), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3938;&#4008;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (karma);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;las&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Karma is the universal law that brings results or effects from causes of ones conscious actions. The results may take an uncertain amount of time and other conditions to mature.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;&#26159;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#27861;&#21063;&#65292;&#25152;&#26377;&#26377;&#24847;&#35672;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#26371;&#24118;&#20358;&#22240;&#26524;&#22577;&#25033;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/karma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>karma<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s&mdash;which are rooted in the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Raga \/ Attachment \/ Desire \/ Passion \/ Greed; &#36010; \/ &#36010;&#24859;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3964;&#3921;&#3851;&#3910;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dochak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;dod chags&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;R&#257;ga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Raga, Attachment is a destructive mental factor defined as a strong longing or craving for an object, person, or experience. It is one of the six root defilements in the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition and is counted among the three poisons (along with aversion and delusion). Its characteristic is clinging to an object, and its function is to create dissatisfaction and suffering by perpetuating the cycle of craving and grasping. Attachment arises when one perceives an object as pleasurable or desirable, and it leads to further attachment, thereby sustaining the cycle of birth and death. It is the primary cause of conflict, as it motivates individuals to seek personal gratification at the expense of others. The antidote to attachment is the recognition of the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of all phenomena, as well as the cultivation of generosity and renunciation.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36010;&#26159;&#19968;&#31278;&#20855;&#30772;&#22750;&#24615;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#34920;&#29694;&#28858;&#23565;&#23565;&#35937;&#12289;&#20154;&#25110;&#32147;&#39511;&#30340;&#24375;&#28872;&#28212;&#26395;&#33287;&#36010;&#27714;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#36010;&#34987;&#21015;&#28858;&#20845;&#26681;&#26412;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20134;&#28858;&#19977;&#27602;&#65288;&#36010;&#12289;&#30603;&#12289;&#30305;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#20854;&#29305;&#30456;&#28858;&#22519;&#33879;&#25152;&#32227;&#65292;&#20316;&#29992;&#28858;&#36879;&#36942;&#24310;&#32396;&#28212;&#24859;&#33287;&#22519;&#21462;&#30340;&#24490;&#29872;&#32780;&#29986;&#29983;&#19981;&#28415;&#33287;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#36010;&#26044;&#24863;&#30693;&#21040;&#23565;&#35937;&#28858;&#24709;&#24847;&#25110;&#21487;&#24847;&#26178;&#29983;&#36215;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#24341;&#29983;&#26356;&#22810;&#30340;&#36010;&#24859;&#65292;&#24478;&#32780;&#24310;&#32396;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#36010;&#26159;&#34909;&#31361;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#23427;&#39493;&#20351;&#20491;&#20154;&#20197;&#29351;&#29298;&#20182;&#20154;&#28858;&#20195;&#20729;&#20358;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#28415;&#36275;&#12290;&#36010;&#30340;&#23565;&#27835;&#26159;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30340;&#28961;&#24120;&#33287;&#33510;&#24615;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#25345;&#24067;&#26045;&#33287;&#20986;&#38626;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/attachment\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">attachment<\/span> to an autonomous self. In <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mahayana, Great vehicle&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;, &#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24503;&#24052;&#21315;&#27874;, &#24503;&#21315;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tekpa chenpo), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(tek chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg pa chen po,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg chen&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mah&#257;y&#257;na \/ &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Mahayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;= &amp;quot;great vehicle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;great conveyance&amp;quot; = &#22823;&#20056; \/ &#22823;&#36554;&#20056;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;mah&#257;&nbsp;\/ &#22823; = &amp;quot;great&amp;quot; = &#22823;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;y&#257;na&nbsp;\/ &#20056; = &amp;quot;vehicle&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;conveyance&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;mode of travel&amp;quot; = &#20056; \/ &#36554;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Great Vehicle is one of the two major branches of Buddhism, distinguished by its universal aspiration to attain full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, compassion, and the realization of emptiness as the path to buddhahood. This tradition emerged in India around the first century CE and later spread to East Asia and Tibet, giving rise to schools such as Zen, Pure Land, and the Tibetan traditions. Its teachings include the six perfections, the ten grounds, and the doctrine of buddha-nature. The Great Vehicle is distinguished from the earlier tradition by its emphasis on the liberation of all beings and its expansive vision of the path. &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Two main branches within Mahayana are Madhyamaka and Chittamatra.&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Classical texts for Mahayana include Avatamsaka Sutra, Prajnaparamita Sutra and treatises by Nagarjuna and Asanga.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20197;&#26222;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#12289;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#28858;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#31934;&#31070;&#12290;&#27492;&#20056;&#24375;&#35519;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#12289;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#31354;&#24615;&#27491;&#35211;&#65292;&#20197;&#25104;&#23601;&#20315;&#26524;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#12290;&#27492;&#20659;&#32113;&#26044;&#35199;&#20803;&#19968;&#19990;&#32000;&#21069;&#24460;&#33288;&#36215;&#26044;&#21360;&#24230;&#65292;&#20854;&#24460;&#20659;&#25773;&#33267;&#26481;&#20126;&#33287;&#35199;&#34255;&#65292;&#34893;&#29983;&#20986;&#31146;&#23447;&#12289;&#28136;&#22303;&#23447;&#21450;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#21508;&#27966;&#12290;&#20854;&#25945;&#27861;&#21253;&#21547;&#20845;&#24230;&#12289;&#21313;&#22320;&#21450;&#22914;&#20358;&#34255;&#23416;&#35498;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#33287;&#19978;&#24231;&#37096;&#31561;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#65292;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20197;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20006;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#20043;&#36947;&#25265;&#25345;&#26356;&#28858;&#24291;&#38346;&#30340;&#35222;&#37326;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&#22823;&#20056;&#20839;&#37096;&#26377;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#23416;&#27966;&#65306;&#20013;&#35264;&#23447;&#33287;&#21807;&#35672;&#23447;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#32147;&#20856;&#21253;&#25324;&#12298;&#33775;&#22196;&#32147;&#12299;&#12289;&#12298;&#33324;&#33509;&#32147;&#12299;&#20197;&#21450;&#40845;&#27193;&#33287;&#28961;&#33879;&#31561;&#35542;&#24107;&#25152;&#36896;&#20043;&#35542;&#20856;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/mahayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Mahayana<\/span> teachings, this <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Raga \/ Attachment \/ Desire \/ Passion \/ Greed; &#36010; \/ &#36010;&#24859;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3964;&#3921;&#3851;&#3910;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dochak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;dod chags&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;R&#257;ga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Raga, Attachment is a destructive mental factor defined as a strong longing or craving for an object, person, or experience. It is one of the six root defilements in the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition and is counted among the three poisons (along with aversion and delusion). Its characteristic is clinging to an object, and its function is to create dissatisfaction and suffering by perpetuating the cycle of craving and grasping. Attachment arises when one perceives an object as pleasurable or desirable, and it leads to further attachment, thereby sustaining the cycle of birth and death. It is the primary cause of conflict, as it motivates individuals to seek personal gratification at the expense of others. The antidote to attachment is the recognition of the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of all phenomena, as well as the cultivation of generosity and renunciation.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36010;&#26159;&#19968;&#31278;&#20855;&#30772;&#22750;&#24615;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#34920;&#29694;&#28858;&#23565;&#23565;&#35937;&#12289;&#20154;&#25110;&#32147;&#39511;&#30340;&#24375;&#28872;&#28212;&#26395;&#33287;&#36010;&#27714;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#36010;&#34987;&#21015;&#28858;&#20845;&#26681;&#26412;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20134;&#28858;&#19977;&#27602;&#65288;&#36010;&#12289;&#30603;&#12289;&#30305;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#20854;&#29305;&#30456;&#28858;&#22519;&#33879;&#25152;&#32227;&#65292;&#20316;&#29992;&#28858;&#36879;&#36942;&#24310;&#32396;&#28212;&#24859;&#33287;&#22519;&#21462;&#30340;&#24490;&#29872;&#32780;&#29986;&#29983;&#19981;&#28415;&#33287;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#36010;&#26044;&#24863;&#30693;&#21040;&#23565;&#35937;&#28858;&#24709;&#24847;&#25110;&#21487;&#24847;&#26178;&#29983;&#36215;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#24341;&#29983;&#26356;&#22810;&#30340;&#36010;&#24859;&#65292;&#24478;&#32780;&#24310;&#32396;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#36010;&#26159;&#34909;&#31361;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#23427;&#39493;&#20351;&#20491;&#20154;&#20197;&#29351;&#29298;&#20182;&#20154;&#28858;&#20195;&#20729;&#20358;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#28415;&#36275;&#12290;&#36010;&#30340;&#23565;&#27835;&#26159;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30340;&#28961;&#24120;&#33287;&#33510;&#24615;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#25345;&#24067;&#26045;&#33287;&#20986;&#38626;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/attachment\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">attachment<\/span> is called &laquo;&nbsp;coarse self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>,&nbsp;&raquo; and the only way to overcome it is through continuous <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhyana, Meditative Absorption, Meditation, Contemplation, Mental Concentration, Samten&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#23450;, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;,&nbsp;&#38748;&#24942;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#19977;&#28359;\/&#26705;&#20025;); Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tibetan&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3942;&#3928;&#3851;&#3906;&#3919;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sam tan); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bsam gtan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dhy&#257;na&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Jhana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Dhyana refers to the meditative states of deep concentration that are developed through the practice of calming the mind. It is one of the central concepts in Buddhist meditation, particularly in the development of right concentration, which is the eighth factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. Dhyana is often translated as &amp;quot;meditation&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;absorption,&amp;quot; but it specifically refers to the advanced states of mental unification that arise from sustained attention on a single object. There are traditionally four dhyanas, which are classified according to their characteristics and the mental factors present in each state. These states are characterized by the progressive abandonment of coarse mental factors and the development of increasingly refined states of bliss, one-pointedness, and equanimity. In the Vajrayana tradition, dhyana is also referred to as the &amp;quot;perfection of meditative concentration&amp;quot; and is one of the six perfections. Samten is a common Tibetan name.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31146;&#37027;&#26159;&#36879;&#36942;&#20462;&#32722;&#27490;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#28145;&#23652;&#23560;&#27880;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#23427;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#31146;&#20462;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#27010;&#24565;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#29305;&#21029;&#26159;&#22312;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#20013;&#27491;&#23450;&#30340;&#20462;&#32722;&#20013;&#12290;&#31146;&#37027;&#24120;&#35695;&#28858;&#12300;&#31146;&#23450;&#12301;&#25110;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#12301;&#65292;&#20294;&#29305;&#25351;&#30001;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#25152;&#25104;&#23601;&#30340;&#36914;&#38542;&#31146;&#23450;&#29376;&#24907;&#12290;&#20659;&#32113;&#19978;&#26377;&#22235;&#31278;&#31146;&#37027;&#65292;&#20381;&#20854;&#29305;&#24501;&#21450;&#30456;&#25033;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#32780;&#20998;&#39006;&#12290;&#36889;&#20123;&#29376;&#24907;&#30340;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#36880;&#27493;&#25448;&#38626;&#36611;&#31895;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#20006;&#30332;&#23637;&#24840;&#20358;&#24840;&#24494;&#32048;&#30340;&#21916;&#12289;&#24515;&#19968;&#22659;&#24615;&#33287;&#25448;&#12290;&#22312;&#37329;&#21083;&#20056;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#31146;&#37027;&#20134;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#12300;&#38748;&#24942;&#27874;&#32645;&#34588;&#22810;&#12301;&#65292;&#28858;&#20845;&#24230;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#26705;&#20025;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/meditation-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">meditation<\/span> on the non-self of the person and realization of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of the personal self, thereby cutting off <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma, Action&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;, &#26989;&#26524;, &#34892;&#21205;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#38647; , &#22030;&#40635;);&nbsp; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (le), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3938;&#4008;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (karma);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;las&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Karma is the universal law that brings results or effects from causes of ones conscious actions. The results may take an uncertain amount of time and other conditions to mature.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;&#26159;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#27861;&#21063;&#65292;&#25152;&#26377;&#26377;&#24847;&#35672;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#26371;&#24118;&#20358;&#22240;&#26524;&#22577;&#25033;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/karma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>karma<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s and attaining <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa, Enlightenment, Liberation, Tharpa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;, &#35258;&#24735; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#20182;&#24052;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3938;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (thar pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;thar pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Moksha refers to the state of liberation from the cycle of rebirth, attained through the eradication of defilements and the cessation of suffering. It is the ultimate goal of the early Buddhist traditions and the non-Mahayana paths, where it is achieved by realizing the four noble truths and following the noble eightfold path. Moksha is characterized by the complete freedom from the causes of suffering, the cessation of karmic formation, and the attainment of nirvana. Unlike bodhi, which includes the active compassion and wisdom of a buddha, moksha is primarily defined by the absence of defilements and the personal freedom from cyclic existence. In the Mahayana framework, moksha is seen as a preliminary stage, while bodhi represents the fully perfected state of a buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;&#25351;&#24478;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#29554;&#24471;&#31350;&#31455;&#33258;&#30001;&#20043;&#29376;&#24907;&#65292;&#36879;&#36942;&#26039;&#38500;&#29033;&#24817;&#33287;&#27490;&#24687;&#33510;&#22240;&#32780;&#35657;&#24471;&#12290;&#27492;&#28858;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#33287;&#38750;&#22823;&#20056;&#36947;&#30340;&#26368;&#32066;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#32147;&#30001;&#20102;&#30693;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#33287;&#20462;&#25345;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#12290;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#23436;&#20840;&#33067;&#38626;&#33510;&#22240;&#12289;&#27490;&#24687;&#26989;&#21147;&#20043;&#36896;&#20316;&#65292;&#20006;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&#19981;&#21516;&#26044;&#33769;&#25552;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#20027;&#35201;&#20197;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#29060;&#28357;&#33287;&#20491;&#20154;&#20986;&#38626;&#36650;&#36852;&#28858;&#23450;&#32681;&#65292;&#32780;&#38750;&#21253;&#21547;&#20315;&#38464;&#31309;&#26997;&#30340;&#24754;&#26234;&#21151;&#24503;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#26694;&#26550;&#20013;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#21069;&#34892;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#32780;&#33769;&#25552;&#21063;&#20195;&#34920;&#20315;&#38464;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#31350;&#31455;&#26524;&#20301;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/moksa\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">liberation<\/span> from the suffering of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span><\/p><h3>Nature and Types of Self-Grasping<\/h3><p>Since self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> is the root cause of suffering in <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Samsara&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3905;&#3964;&#3938;&#3851;&#3926;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (khorwa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;khor ba&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sa&#7747;s&#257;ra&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth for all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36650;&#36852;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#20197;&#19981;&#21516;&#30340;&#24418;&#24335;&#65292;&#19981;&#26039;&#32147;&#27511;&#29983;&#27515;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/samsara\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>samsara<\/span>, practitioners must contemplate how self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> arises, its nature, the object it clings to, and its harmful consequences. Self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> is a conceptual and cognitive <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Raga \/ Attachment \/ Desire \/ Passion \/ Greed; &#36010; \/ &#36010;&#24859;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3964;&#3921;&#3851;&#3910;&#3906;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dochak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;dod chags&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;R&#257;ga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Raga, Attachment is a destructive mental factor defined as a strong longing or craving for an object, person, or experience. It is one of the six root defilements in the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition and is counted among the three poisons (along with aversion and delusion). Its characteristic is clinging to an object, and its function is to create dissatisfaction and suffering by perpetuating the cycle of craving and grasping. Attachment arises when one perceives an object as pleasurable or desirable, and it leads to further attachment, thereby sustaining the cycle of birth and death. It is the primary cause of conflict, as it motivates individuals to seek personal gratification at the expense of others. The antidote to attachment is the recognition of the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of all phenomena, as well as the cultivation of generosity and renunciation.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#36010;&#26159;&#19968;&#31278;&#20855;&#30772;&#22750;&#24615;&#30340;&#24515;&#25152;&#65292;&#34920;&#29694;&#28858;&#23565;&#23565;&#35937;&#12289;&#20154;&#25110;&#32147;&#39511;&#30340;&#24375;&#28872;&#28212;&#26395;&#33287;&#36010;&#27714;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#38463;&#27608;&#36948;&#30952;&#20659;&#32113;&#20013;&#65292;&#36010;&#34987;&#21015;&#28858;&#20845;&#26681;&#26412;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20134;&#28858;&#19977;&#27602;&#65288;&#36010;&#12289;&#30603;&#12289;&#30305;&#65289;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&#20854;&#29305;&#30456;&#28858;&#22519;&#33879;&#25152;&#32227;&#65292;&#20316;&#29992;&#28858;&#36879;&#36942;&#24310;&#32396;&#28212;&#24859;&#33287;&#22519;&#21462;&#30340;&#24490;&#29872;&#32780;&#29986;&#29983;&#19981;&#28415;&#33287;&#30171;&#33510;&#12290;&#36010;&#26044;&#24863;&#30693;&#21040;&#23565;&#35937;&#28858;&#24709;&#24847;&#25110;&#21487;&#24847;&#26178;&#29983;&#36215;&#65292;&#36914;&#32780;&#24341;&#29983;&#26356;&#22810;&#30340;&#36010;&#24859;&#65292;&#24478;&#32780;&#24310;&#32396;&#29983;&#27515;&#27969;&#36681;&#12290;&#36010;&#26159;&#34909;&#31361;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#65292;&#22240;&#28858;&#23427;&#39493;&#20351;&#20491;&#20154;&#20197;&#29351;&#29298;&#20182;&#20154;&#28858;&#20195;&#20729;&#20358;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#28415;&#36275;&#12290;&#36010;&#30340;&#23565;&#27835;&#26159;&#20102;&#30693;&#19968;&#20999;&#29694;&#35937;&#30340;&#28961;&#24120;&#33287;&#33510;&#24615;&#65292;&#20197;&#21450;&#20462;&#25345;&#24067;&#26045;&#33287;&#20986;&#38626;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/attachment\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">attachment<\/span> to the notion of &laquo;&nbsp;self&nbsp;&raquo; or &laquo;&nbsp;<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Personal Entity, The soul, Spiritual Teacher or Master&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &#35036;&#29305;&#20285;&#32645; (&#21083;&#34217;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3906;&#3908;&#3851;&#3935;&#3906;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (gangzak); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;gang zag&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;pudgala&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Buddhist philosophy, pudgala refers to the concept of a &amp;quot;person&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;individual,&amp;quot; often discussed in the context of the anatman (no-self) doctrine, without implying an inherent, permanent self.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35036;&#29305;&#20285;&#32645;&#26159;&#25351;&#20491;&#20154;&#30340;&#23526;&#39636;&#65292;&#20294;&#19981;&#24847;&#21619;&#33879;&#26377;&#19968;&#20491;&#22266;&#26377;&#12289;&#27704;&#24646;&#30340;&#33258;&#25105;&#65292;&#36890;&#24120;&#33287;&#28961;&#25105;&#30340;&#25945;&#32681;&#30456;&#38364;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35036;&#29305;&#20285;&#32645;&#20063;&#25351;&#22823;&#25104;&#23601;&#32773;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pudgala\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>pudgala<\/span>&nbsp;&raquo;. Different Buddhist schools have their own approaches to overcoming self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>, but generally, it is divided into two types: innate self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> and imputed self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>. Innate self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> is fundamental and shared by all <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sentient Beings, Semchen;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26862;&#38291;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sem chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sems can&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sattva;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sentient beings refer to all living creatures that possess consciousness and are subject to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. In Buddhist cosmology, this term encompasses beings in all six realms of existence, including gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. What distinguishes sentient beings from inanimate objects (plants, for example) is their capacity for perception, feeling, and karmic action. They are driven by ignorance, desire, and aversion, which perpetuate their wandering in cyclic existence. The awakening of sentient beings to their true nature is the central concern of the Buddhist path, and the aspiration to liberate them from suffering is the foundation of the bodhisattva ideal and the generation of bodhicitta.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26377;&#24773;&#27867;&#25351;&#19968;&#20999;&#20855;&#26377;&#24515;&#35672;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33021;&#21147;&#65292;&#20006;&#21463;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#25152;&#26463;&#32283;&#30340;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#23431;&#23449;&#35264;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#28085;&#33995;&#20845;&#36947;&#20013;&#30340;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#65292;&#21253;&#25324;&#22825;&#12289;&#38463;&#20462;&#32645;&#12289;&#20154;&#12289;&#30044;&#29983;&#12289;&#39187;&#39740;&#33287;&#22320;&#29508;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#33287;&#28961;&#24773;&#29289;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20855;&#26377;&#24863;&#30693;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33287;&#36896;&#26989;&#30340;&#33021;&#21147;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#36010;&#24859;&#33287;&#30603;&#24680;&#25152;&#39493;&#20351;&#65292;&#22240;&#27492;&#32780;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#27969;&#36681;&#19981;&#24687;&#12290;&#20196;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#35258;&#24735;&#20854;&#30495;&#23526;&#26412;&#24615;&#65292;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#38364;&#25079;&#65292;&#32780;&#30332;&#39000;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#33067;&#38626;&#30171;&#33510;&#65292;&#21063;&#26159;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#33287;&#29983;&#36215;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/semchen\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sentient beings<\/span>, regardless of whether they follow Buddhist or non-Buddhist doctrines.<\/p><h3>Imputed Self-Grasping<\/h3><p>Imputed self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> arises from misconceptions about the nature of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s. This type of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> holds that while the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s (the physical body) are impermanent, divisible, and dependent on causes, there exists outside them a permanent, independent, and indivisible &laquo;&nbsp;self,&nbsp;&raquo; characterized by permanence, singularity, and autonomy. This misconception defines imputed self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>.<\/p><h3>Innate Self-Grasping<\/h3><p>Innate self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> acts like a king, commanding the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s as if they were its obedient servants, or like a sailor who, familiar with the ocean, regards it as his dominion. This type of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> assumes the existence of a permanent, singular, and autonomous self. It does not merely view the self as a nominal or conceptual construct, relatively and dependently arisen; rather, it clings to the belief that the self is an inherently existent, independent entity.<\/p><h3>Overcoming Self-Grasping<\/h3><p>This concept of self falls under the category of &laquo;&nbsp;negation&nbsp;&raquo; (refuting false notions), which includes negation, the ability to negate, and the object of negation. After understanding the object and nature of self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>, practitioners gradually generate the realization of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> by refuting the mistaken notions of a permanent, singular, and autonomous self. Once certainty about <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> arises, practitioners must continually familiarize themselves with the nature of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span>. This is an essential part of the path to <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa, Enlightenment, Liberation, Tharpa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;, &#35258;&#24735; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#20182;&#24052;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3938;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (thar pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;thar pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moksa;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Moksha refers to the state of liberation from the cycle of rebirth, attained through the eradication of defilements and the cessation of suffering. It is the ultimate goal of the early Buddhist traditions and the non-Mahayana paths, where it is achieved by realizing the four noble truths and following the noble eightfold path. Moksha is characterized by the complete freedom from the causes of suffering, the cessation of karmic formation, and the attainment of nirvana. Unlike bodhi, which includes the active compassion and wisdom of a buddha, moksha is primarily defined by the absence of defilements and the personal freedom from cyclic existence. In the Mahayana framework, moksha is seen as a preliminary stage, while bodhi represents the fully perfected state of a buddha.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35299;&#33067;&#25351;&#24478;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#29554;&#24471;&#31350;&#31455;&#33258;&#30001;&#20043;&#29376;&#24907;&#65292;&#36879;&#36942;&#26039;&#38500;&#29033;&#24817;&#33287;&#27490;&#24687;&#33510;&#22240;&#32780;&#35657;&#24471;&#12290;&#27492;&#28858;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#33287;&#38750;&#22823;&#20056;&#36947;&#30340;&#26368;&#32066;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#32147;&#30001;&#20102;&#30693;&#22235;&#32854;&#35558;&#33287;&#20462;&#25345;&#20843;&#27491;&#36947;&#32780;&#25104;&#23601;&#12290;&#35299;&#33067;&#20043;&#29305;&#24501;&#28858;&#23436;&#20840;&#33067;&#38626;&#33510;&#22240;&#12289;&#27490;&#24687;&#26989;&#21147;&#20043;&#36896;&#20316;&#65292;&#20006;&#35657;&#24471;&#28037;&#27075;&#12290;&#19981;&#21516;&#26044;&#33769;&#25552;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#20027;&#35201;&#20197;&#29033;&#24817;&#20043;&#29060;&#28357;&#33287;&#20491;&#20154;&#20986;&#38626;&#36650;&#36852;&#28858;&#23450;&#32681;&#65292;&#32780;&#38750;&#21253;&#21547;&#20315;&#38464;&#31309;&#26997;&#30340;&#24754;&#26234;&#21151;&#24503;&#12290;&#22312;&#22823;&#20056;&#26694;&#26550;&#20013;&#65292;&#35299;&#33067;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#21069;&#34892;&#38542;&#27573;&#65292;&#32780;&#33769;&#25552;&#21063;&#20195;&#34920;&#20315;&#38464;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#31350;&#31455;&#26524;&#20301;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/moksa\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">liberation<\/span>.<\/p><p>In the context of philosophical tenets, there are various views on how to refute (negate) self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>. According to the perspective of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Lopon, Acharya, Spiritual Master; &#38463;&#38349;&#40654; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#27931;&#24429;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#4019;&#3964;&#3926;&#3851;&#3921;&#3924;&#3964;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (Lopon); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;slob dpon&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Acharya&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Acharya, Lopon is a spiritual master. Acharya is also used as a degree equivalent to master&rsquo;s degree.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#38463;&#38349;&#40654;&#26159;&#38728;&#24615;&#23566;&#24107;&#65292;&#20134;&#29992;&#26044;&#23416;&#20301;&#21517;&#31281;&#65292;&#21363;&#23546;&#38498;&#31995;&#32113;&#20013;&#19968;&#20491;&#30456;&#30070;&#26044;&#20315;&#23416;&#30889;&#22763;&#30340;&#23416;&#20301;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/acharya\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Acharya<\/span> <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dharmakirti&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#27861;&#31281; \/ &#37329;&#27954;&#22823;&#24107;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan:&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; Serlingpa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;chos kyi grags pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dharmakirti;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Dharmakirti (tibetan: Serlingpa) was an Indian Yogacara Buddhist philosopher in the 6th or 7th century, one of the Seventeen Nalanda Masters, also one of&nbsp; the Six Ornaments. His most important work was Pramanavarttika, a central text on parmana in Tibetan monasteries. He was a key teacher of Atisa.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#27861;&#31281;&#26159;&#21360;&#24230;&#19971;&#19990;&#32000;&#20315;&#25945;&#29788;&#20285;&#34892;&#21807;&#35672;&#23447;&#22823;&#24107;&#65292;&#37027;&#29211;&#38464;&#21313;&#19971;&#29677;&#26234;&#36948;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20845;&#33674;&#22196;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#26368;&#37325;&#35201;&#30340;&#33879;&#20316;&#21253;&#25324;&#12298;&#37323;&#37327;&#35542;&#12299;&#65292;&#12298;&#23450;&#37327;&#35542;&#12299;&#12290;&#34311;&#38272;&#31572;&#33240;&#20154;&#65292; &#21448;&#34987;&#31281;&#28858;&#37329;&#27954;&#22823;&#24107;, &#28858;&#38463;&#24213;&#23805;&#23562;&#32773;&#20043;&#24107;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/dharmakirti\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Dharmakirti<\/span>, self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> can be refuted by addressing two aspects: the belief in an autonomous self and the belief in a self with inherent existence. The concept of inherent existence leads to logical arguments about whether the self is singular or multiple. Self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> does not exist externally but arises from the views or concepts within the practitioner&rsquo;s mind. When we think of &laquo;&nbsp;me,&nbsp;&raquo; we must analyze what understanding or feeling arises in the mind.<\/p><p>By establishing the concept of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span> of the self, there are many ways to counteract self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>. If the &laquo;&nbsp;self&nbsp;&raquo; clung to by innate self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> were <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; Truly Existent; &#35558;&#23526;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3938;&#3851;&#3906;&#4018;&#3956;&#3926;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(den-par drub-pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden par grub pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Truly Existent&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;refers to the mistaken way in which ordinary beings perceive phenomena &mdash; as existing independently, objectively, and from their own side, without depending on causes, conditions, or conceptual imputation. In the Pr&#257;sa&#7749;gika Madhyamaka view, nothing whatsoever exists in this manner. All phenomena are merely designated by name and concept, and they arise only in dependence on other factors. To believe in true existence is the root of ignorance and the fundamental cause of cyclic existence. Realizing that all things lack true existence is the very meaning of emptiness and the direct antidote to suffering.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#35558;&#23526;&#25351;&#20961;&#22827;&#23565;&#35576;&#27861;&#25152;&#29983;&#36215;&#30340;&#37679;&#35492;&#35469;&#30693;&mdash;&mdash;&#35469;&#28858;&#20107;&#29289;&#20197;&#29544;&#31435;&#12289;&#23458;&#35264;&#19988;&#33258;&#25104;&#30340;&#26041;&#24335;&#23384;&#22312;&#65292;&#19981;&#20381;&#36084;&#26044;&#22240;&#32227;&#26781;&#20214;&#25110;&#27010;&#24565;&#23433;&#31435;&#12290;&#22312;&#20013;&#35264;&#25033;&#25104;&#27966;&#30340;&#35264;&#40670;&#20013;&#65292;&#27794;&#26377;&#20219;&#20309;&#19968;&#27861;&#26159;&#20197;&#27492;&#31278;&#26041;&#24335;&#23384;&#22312;&#30340;&#12290;&#19968;&#20999;&#35576;&#27861;&#20677;&#26159;&#20381;&#36084;&#26044;&#21517;&#35328;&#33287;&#27010;&#24565;&#32780;&#20551;&#21517;&#23433;&#31435;&#65292;&#19988;&#21807;&#20381;&#20182;&#32227;&#32780;&#36215;&#12290;&#22519;&#33879;&#26044;&#35558;&#23526;&#23384;&#22312;&#65292;&#27491;&#26159;&#28961;&#26126;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#65292;&#20063;&#26159;&#30526;&#29983;&#27969;&#36681;&#36650;&#36852;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#12290;&#36890;&#36948;&#19968;&#20999;&#27861;&#30342;&#28961;&#35558;&#23526;&#65292;&#21363;&#26159;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#30495;&#23526;&#32681;&#65292;&#20063;&#26159;&#30452;&#25509;&#26039;&#38500;&#30171;&#33510;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#23565;&#27835;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/truly-existent\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">truly existent<\/span> and inherently existent, there would be two possibilities: either the self and the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s (the body-mind complex) are inseparably one and the same, or the self and the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s are separate and distinct. There are no other possibilities.<\/p><h3>The Self and the Aggregates Cannot Be One<\/h3><p>If the self and the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s were the same entity, then when the self is independently and inherently existent, the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s would also necessarily be independently and inherently existent. The self and the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s would be indistinguishable and share the same inherent nature. It would be impossible for the self to be independently existent while the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s are not. However, if the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s were independently existent, they would become causeless&mdash;existing without depending on causes and conditions&mdash;and would transcend the relative <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Realm, Buddha field, Abode, Universe&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#28136;&#22303;, &#23431;&#23449;, &#23621;&#25152;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#33288;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3934;&#3954;&#3908;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(zhing); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;zhing&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha-field\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>realm<\/span> into the absolute.<\/p><p>This contradicts the earlier explanation that the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s belong to the truth of suffering, possess the characteristic of impermanence, and are the result of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Afflictions, Defilements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#32016;&#22818;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3913;&#3964;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&#3908;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;(ny&ouml;n mong); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nyon mongs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Klesha;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Mental agitations are negative destructive emotions and states of mind, such as ignorance, attachment, aversion, anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, delusion and doubt, can cause a person to lose peace of mind and self-control. These are causes of suffering and are the roots of samsaric existence.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#29033;&#24817;&#26159;&#24773;&#32210;&#38556;&#31001;&#21253;&#25324;&#36010;&#30603;&#30196;&#24930;&#24524;&#22930;&#31561;&#65292;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#24817;&#20043;&#22240;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/afflictions\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">affliction<\/span>s and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma, Action&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;, &#26989;&#26524;, &#34892;&#21205;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#38647; , &#22030;&#40635;);&nbsp; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (le), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3938;&#4008;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (karma);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;las&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Karma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Karma is the universal law that brings results or effects from causes of ones conscious actions. The results may take an uncertain amount of time and other conditions to mature.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#26989;&#21147;&#26159;&#23431;&#23449;&#30340;&#27861;&#21063;&#65292;&#25152;&#26377;&#26377;&#24847;&#35672;&#30340;&#34892;&#28858;&#26371;&#24118;&#20358;&#22240;&#26524;&#22577;&#25033;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/karma\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>karma<\/span>. Therefore, the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s cannot be independently existent, and the argument that the self and the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s are one and the same cannot be valid.<\/p><h3>The Self and the Aggregates Cannot Be Separate<\/h3><p>Since the self and the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s cannot be one, could they instead be separate entities? If the self were separate from the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s, which consist of form, feeling, <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Perception; &#24819;&#34314;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3936;&#3921;&#3956;&#3851;&#3940;&#3962;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(du she); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;#039;du shes&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: Samjna;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Samjna means perception. It is one of the five aggregates and five ever-present mental states.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#24819;&#34314;&#26159;&#20116;&#34314;&#20043;&#19968;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/perception\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">perception<\/span>, mental formations, and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Vijnana, Consciousness; &#35672;&#34314; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;VIiyi&amp;quot; lang=&amp;quot;zh-TW&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;JLqJ4b ChMk0b&amp;quot; data-language-for-alternatives=&amp;quot;zh-TW&amp;quot; data-language-to-translate-into=&amp;quot;en&amp;quot; data-phrase-index=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; data-number-of-phrases=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;Q4iAWc&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#21335;&#33293;, &#21335;&#24052; &#21332;&#24052;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3938;&#4003;&#3928;&#3851;&#3940;&#3962;&#3942; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(nam she)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;, &#3938;&#4003;&#3928;&#3851;&#3924;&#3938;&#3851;&#3940;&#3962;&#3942;&#3851;&#3924; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(nampar shepa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rnam shes, &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rnam par shes pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Vijnana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Pali: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Vinnana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Vijnana (consciousness) is one of the five aggregates and the third of the 12 nidanas. In the wheel of life, it is shown as a monkey jumping around in uncontrolled manner.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#35672;&#34314;&#26159;&#20116;&#34314;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#21450;&#31532;&#19977;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#12290;&#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#25551;&#32362;&#28858;&#19968;&#38587;&#27963;&#36454;&#20098;&#36339;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#34389;&#22312;&#26377;&#20845;&#20491;&#31383;&#25142;&#30340;&#31354;&#23627;&#20043;&#20013;. &#19981;&#23433;&#26044;&#23460;&#30340;&#24515;&#35672;, &#34249;&#33879;&#20845;&#26681;(&#30524;&#12289;&#32819;&#12289;&#40763;&#12289;&#33292;&#12289;&#36523;&#12289;&#24847;) &#33287;&#22806;&#30028;&#20845;&#22645;&#65288;&#33394;&#12289;&#32882;&#12289;&#39321;&#12289;&#21619;&#12289;&#35320;&#12289;&#27861;&#65289;&#25509;&#35320;&#65292;&#21463;&#29033;&#24817;&#29309;&#24341;&#32780;&#36896;&#26989;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/consciousness-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">consciousness<\/span>&mdash;and which can further be subdivided&mdash;the originally conceived permanent, singular, and autonomous self would also have to possess various qualities and attributes. Based on this reasoning, even after the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s disintegrate, an independent self would still exist. If the self did not depend on the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s, it could exist independently in any form, such as plants, trees, rocks, or mountains. This view contradicts reality and therefore cannot be valid.<\/p><h3>Progressing from Coarse to Subtle Emptiness<\/h3><p>Since the self and the five <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class='cmtt-audio-player '&gt;&lt;a class='wp-embedded-audio' href='http:\/\/en'&gt;en&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;div class=&amp;quot;clear&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Five Aggregates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#20116;&#34314;: &#33394;&#21463;&#24819;&#34892;&#35672; (&#26379;&#27874;&#32013;);&nbsp; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3925;&#3956;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (pung po nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;phung po lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancaskandha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Five aggregates are the basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. They are the mental factors that are the basis of self grasping:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#34314;&#24847;&#24605;&#26159;&#12300;&#22534;&#12301;&#65292;&#30070;&#19968;&#20491;&#23565;&#22659;&#34987;&#24863;&#30693;&#26178;&#65292;&#35469;&#30693;&#32147;&#27511;&#30340;&#22522;&#26412;&#36681;&#35722;&#12290;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;forms of physical phenomena (rupa) &#33394;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;sensation (vedana) &#21463;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;perception (samjna) &#24819;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;formations (samskara) &#34892;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;primary consciousness (vijnana) &#35672;&#34314;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/aggregate-2\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregate<\/span>s are neither one nor multiple, it can be established that the self is not a <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; Truly Existent; &#35558;&#23526;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3926;&#3921;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3938;&#3851;&#3906;&#4018;&#3956;&#3926;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(den-par drub-pa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bden par grub pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Truly Existent&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;refers to the mistaken way in which ordinary beings perceive phenomena &mdash; as existing independently, objectively, and from their own side, without depending on causes, conditions, or conceptual imputation. In the Pr&#257;sa&#7749;gika Madhyamaka view, nothing whatsoever exists in this manner. All phenomena are merely designated by name and concept, and they arise only in dependence on other factors. To believe in true existence is the root of ignorance and the fundamental cause of cyclic existence. Realizing that all things lack true existence is the very meaning of emptiness and the direct antidote to suffering.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#35558;&#23526;&#25351;&#20961;&#22827;&#23565;&#35576;&#27861;&#25152;&#29983;&#36215;&#30340;&#37679;&#35492;&#35469;&#30693;&mdash;&mdash;&#35469;&#28858;&#20107;&#29289;&#20197;&#29544;&#31435;&#12289;&#23458;&#35264;&#19988;&#33258;&#25104;&#30340;&#26041;&#24335;&#23384;&#22312;&#65292;&#19981;&#20381;&#36084;&#26044;&#22240;&#32227;&#26781;&#20214;&#25110;&#27010;&#24565;&#23433;&#31435;&#12290;&#22312;&#20013;&#35264;&#25033;&#25104;&#27966;&#30340;&#35264;&#40670;&#20013;&#65292;&#27794;&#26377;&#20219;&#20309;&#19968;&#27861;&#26159;&#20197;&#27492;&#31278;&#26041;&#24335;&#23384;&#22312;&#30340;&#12290;&#19968;&#20999;&#35576;&#27861;&#20677;&#26159;&#20381;&#36084;&#26044;&#21517;&#35328;&#33287;&#27010;&#24565;&#32780;&#20551;&#21517;&#23433;&#31435;&#65292;&#19988;&#21807;&#20381;&#20182;&#32227;&#32780;&#36215;&#12290;&#22519;&#33879;&#26044;&#35558;&#23526;&#23384;&#22312;&#65292;&#27491;&#26159;&#28961;&#26126;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#65292;&#20063;&#26159;&#30526;&#29983;&#27969;&#36681;&#36650;&#36852;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#21407;&#22240;&#12290;&#36890;&#36948;&#19968;&#20999;&#27861;&#30342;&#28961;&#35558;&#23526;&#65292;&#21363;&#26159;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#30495;&#23526;&#32681;&#65292;&#20063;&#26159;&#30452;&#25509;&#26039;&#38500;&#30171;&#33510;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#23565;&#27835;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/truly-existent\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">truly existent<\/span>, independent entity. This understanding of non-self pertains to coarse <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Emptiness, Voidness, Vacuity, Shunyata&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;, &#31354;&#27491;&#35211; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26481;&#24052;&#23612;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(tong pa nyi), &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3999;&#3964;&#3908;&#3851;&#3926;&#3851;&#3913;&#3954;&#3921;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tongwa nyi), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3940;&#3953;&#3956;&#3851;&#3923;&#4017;&#3851;&#3919;&#3953;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (shunyata);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;stong pa nyid, stong ba nyid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#347;&#363;nyat&#257;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Emptiness: every phenomenon is ultimately empty of existence independently, or existing from its own side.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31354;&#24615;: &#25152;&#26377;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#38750;&#23526;&#26377;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#30342;&#31354;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/emptiness\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">emptiness<\/span>. By recognizing the errors and nature of self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>, practitioners can learn methods to overcome it. Following this progression allows them to gradually engage in the practice of overcoming subtle self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span>. This step-by-step approach provides genuine benefit to practitioners.<\/p><p>Otherwise, if one skips the practice of overcoming coarse self-<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Grasping&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#21462;, &#22519;&#33879; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#36899;&#35997;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (lenpa); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;len pa&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Upadana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Upadana (grasping) is one of the 12 nidanas. Craving develops into grasping what is pleasurable and avoiding what is painful. In the Wheel of Life, it is shown as a money continuously picking fruits from a tree.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#31532;&#20061;&#32227;&#36215;&#25903;&#28858;&#12300;&#21462;&#12301;, &#28304;&#26044;&#24859;, &#30526;&#29983;&#23565;&#27138;&#21463;&#33287;&#33510;&#21463;&#25152;&#29986;&#29983;&#30340;&#22659;&#29983;&#36215;&#26997;&#24375;&#30340;&#36010;&#21462;&#24515;. &#20845;&#36947;&#36650;&#36852;&#22294;&#20013;, &#36010;&#24471;&#28961;&#39260;&#22320;&#38568;&#24847;&#25688;&#21462;&#27193;&#19978;&#27700;&#26524;&#30340;&#29492;&#23376;&#27604;&#21947;&#21462;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/upadana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">grasping<\/span> and begins with subtle teachings&mdash;such as the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Middle Way; &#20013;&#35264;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3921;&#3926;&#3956;&#3851;&#3928; &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(dbu ma); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dbu ma&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Madhyamaka&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Madhyamaka&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (middle way) is one of the two major Mahayana philosophical schools, founded by the great Indian master Nagarjuna in the second century. Its central teaching is that all phenomena, both internal and external, are empty of any inherent, independent existence. This emptiness is not a form of nihilism but rather the ultimate nature of reality, which is understood through the correct analysis of dependent arising. The school is further divided into two main branches regarding the method of establishing emptiness. Its profound dialectical reasoning systematically deconstructs all conceptual fabrications, revealing the peace of ultimate reality beyond all extremes.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20013;&#35264;&#28858;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#23416;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#30001;&#35199;&#20803;&#20108;&#19990;&#32000;&#30340;&#21360;&#24230;&#22823;&#24107;&#40845;&#27193;&#33769;&#34217;&#25152;&#21109;&#31435;&#12290;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#25945;&#32681;&#20027;&#24373;&#19968;&#20999;&#20839;&#22806;&#35576;&#27861;&#30342;&#28961;&#33258;&#24615;&#65292;&#31354;&#24615;&#20006;&#38750;&#34395;&#28961;&#20027;&#32681;&#65292;&#32780;&#26159;&#20381;&#22240;&#32227;&#32780;&#29983;&#36215;&#20043;&#35576;&#27861;&#30340;&#31350;&#31455;&#23526;&#30456;&#12290;&#27492;&#23416;&#27966;&#23565;&#26044;&#32227;&#36215;&#24615;&#31354;&#30340;&#27491;&#30906;&#20998;&#26512;&#65292;&#25581;&#31034;&#20102;&#36229;&#36234;&#19968;&#20999;&#25138;&#35542;&#30340;&#23490;&#38748;&#22659;&#30028;&#12290;&#35442;&#23416;&#27966;&#20839;&#37096;&#20381;&#20854;&#35542;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#26041;&#24335;&#65292;&#20877;&#20998;&#28858;&#20841;&#20491;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#12290;&#20013;&#35264;&#23447;&#30340;&#37555;&#21033;&#36783;&#35657;&#37007;&#36655;&#65292;&#31995;&#32113;&#24615;&#22320;&#25286;&#35299;&#19968;&#20999;&#27010;&#24565;&#36896;&#20316;&#65292;&#25104;&#28858;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#26368;&#39640;&#28145;&#30340;&#27491;&#35211;&#22522;&#30707;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/middle-way\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Madhyamaka<\/span> <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Prasangika&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20013;&#35264;&#25033;&#25104;&#27966;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3939;&#3851;&#3936;&#3906;&#4017;&#3956;&#3938;&#3851;&#3924;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(talgyur);&nbsp; Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;thal &amp;#039;gyur&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pr&#257;sa&#7749;gika&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Prasangika is a sub-school of Madhyamaka (Middle way) Buddhism philosophy that avoids asserting autonomous reasoning, instead using consequences to refute opponents&amp;#039; views. It emphasizes dependent origination and is considered the highest view in Tibetan Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20013;&#35264;&#25033;&#25104;&#27966;&#26159;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;&#20013;&#35264;&#23416;&#27966;&#20043;&#19979;&#30340;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#65292;&#30001;&#20315;&#35703;&#12289;&#26376;&#31281;&#24314;&#31435;&#65292;&#23490;&#22825;&#32380;&#25215;&#65292;&#32147;&#38463;&#24213;&#23805;&#20659;&#20837;&#35199;&#34255;&#65292;&#28858;&#26684;&#39791;&#27966;&#30340;&#20013;&#24515;&#23447;&#32681;&#65292;&#20013;&#35264;&#27966;&#30340;&#20027;&#27969;&#65292;&#25033;&#25104;&#27966;&#19981;&#20027;&#24373;&#33258;&#20027;&#25512;&#29702;&#65292;&#32780;&#26159;&#36890;&#36942;&#27512;&#35628;&#27861;&#21453;&#39361;&#23565;&#26041;&#35264;&#40670;&#65292;&#24375;&#35519;&#32227;&#36215;&#24615;&#31354;&#65292;&#34987;&#35222;&#28858;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#20013;&#30340;&#26368;&#39640;&#35211;&#22320;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/prasangika\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Prasangika<\/span> view that all phenomena lack inherent existence&mdash;they may only hear the teachings without truly understanding them, making it difficult to gain practical benefits in their practice. Just as students must first learn the basics of letters and phonetics before progressing to more advanced subjects, so too must practitioners follow a gradual path<\/p><h3>Commonalities and Differences Between Hinayana and Mahayana<\/h3><p>The above discussion provides an overview of the stages of practice in the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> tradition. In terms of <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;The Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#24291;&#35542;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3928;&#3851;&#3938;&#3954;&#3928;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (Lamrim Chenmo); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lam rim chen mo&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path \/ &nbsp;Great Treatise on the Stages of the&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;704c8cd0ee6abfdac4b1b237a9d1457e&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Path&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;to&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;a89c3a9b66c7a634f96709737b33e638&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Enlighten&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;ment, Lamrim Chenmo, written in 1402 by Je Tsongkhapa, based on Atisha&amp;#039;s Lamp for the Path to Enlightment, is a most important text on Tibetan Mahayana Buddhism for Gelugpa practitioners.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#24291;&#35542;, &#31777;&#31281;&#24291;&#35542;, &#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#26684;&#39791;&#27966;&#23447;&#21888;&#24052;&#20043;&#33879;&#20316;, &#20197;&#38463;&#24213;&#23805;&#12298;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#29128;&#35542;&#12299;&#28858;&#26694;&#26550;&#20043;&#39023;&#25945;&#32147;&#35542;&#24040;&#33879;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/%e0%bd%a3%e0%bd%98%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%a2%e0%bd%b2%e0%bd%98%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%86%e0%bd%ba%e0%bd%93%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%98%e0%bd%bc\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Lamrim Chenmo<\/span> (the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;The Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#24291;&#35542;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3928;&#3851;&#3938;&#3954;&#3928;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (Lamrim Chenmo); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lam rim chen mo&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path \/ &nbsp;Great Treatise on the Stages of the&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;704c8cd0ee6abfdac4b1b237a9d1457e&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Path&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&nbsp;to&nbsp;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)&amp;quot; aria-describedby=&amp;quot;tt&amp;quot; data-cmtooltip=&amp;quot;a89c3a9b66c7a634f96709737b33e638&amp;quot; data-gt-translate-attributes=&amp;quot;[{&amp;quot;attribute&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;data-cmtooltip&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;format&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;html&amp;quot;}]&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Enlighten&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;ment, Lamrim Chenmo, written in 1402 by Je Tsongkhapa, based on Atisha&amp;#039;s Lamp for the Path to Enlightment, is a most important text on Tibetan Mahayana Buddhism for Gelugpa practitioners.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#24291;&#35542;, &#31777;&#31281;&#24291;&#35542;, &#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#26684;&#39791;&#27966;&#23447;&#21888;&#24052;&#20043;&#33879;&#20316;, &#20197;&#38463;&#24213;&#23805;&#12298;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#29128;&#35542;&#12299;&#28858;&#26694;&#26550;&#20043;&#39023;&#25945;&#32147;&#35542;&#24040;&#33879;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/%e0%bd%a3%e0%bd%98%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%a2%e0%bd%b2%e0%bd%98%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%86%e0%bd%ba%e0%bd%93%e0%bc%8b%e0%bd%98%e0%bd%bc\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path<\/span>), these practices correspond to the lower and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Paths of the three types of individual; &#19977;&#22763;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#30342;&#24067; &#26494;&#21513;&#21335;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3962;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&#3851;&#3906;&#4017;&#3954;&#3851;&#3939;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(kyebu sum gyi lam); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;skyes bu gsum gyi lam&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The three scopes of the path refer to a framework for categorizing practitioners according to their motivation and spiritual capacity. This scheme was systematized by Atisha in his Lamp for the Path and became the foundation of the Lamrim tradition.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The lesser scope practitioner seeks favorable rebirth within cyclic existence by cultivating ethical conduct and abandoning non-virtue.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The middle scope practitioner, recognizing the shortcomings of all worldly existence, seeks personal liberation from the cycle of rebirth.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The great scope practitioner, motivated by compassion, seeks full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;This framework is not simply a classification of individuals but a progressive training system through which practitioners gradually expand their motivation, with the great scope serving as the final goal while incorporating the foundations established in the lesser and middle scopes.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19977;&#22763;&#36947;&#26159;&#25351;&#20381;&#25818;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#21205;&#27231;&#33287;&#26681;&#22120;&#32780;&#24314;&#31435;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#38542;&#26799;&#65292;&#27492;&#26550;&#27083;&#30001;&#38463;&#24213;&#23805;&#23562;&#32773;&#26044;&#12298;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#29128;&#35542;&#12299;&#20013;&#31995;&#32113;&#21270;&#65292;&#25104;&#28858;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#20659;&#25215;&#30340;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19979;&#22763;&#36947;&#34892;&#32773;&#20197;&#36861;&#27714;&#20154;&#22825;&#21892;&#36259;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20462;&#25345;&#21313;&#21892;&#26989;&#12289;&#25448;&#38626;&#21313;&#24801;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20013;&#22763;&#36947;&#34892;&#32773;&#20102;&#30693;&#19977;&#30028;&#36650;&#36852;&#30342;&#33510;&#65292;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#20986;&#38626;&#29983;&#27515;&#30340;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19978;&#22763;&#36947;&#34892;&#32773;&#21063;&#30001;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#25152;&#39493;&#21205;&#65292;&#28858;&#21033;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#32780;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#27492;&#26550;&#27083;&#19981;&#20677;&#26159;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#30340;&#20998;&#39006;&#65292;&#26356;&#26159;&#27425;&#31532;&#22686;&#19978;&#30340;&#35347;&#32244;&#39636;&#31995;&#65292;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#36879;&#36942;&#27492;&#26694;&#26550;&#36880;&#27493;&#25844;&#23637;&#24515;&#37327;&#33287;&#21205;&#27231;&#65292;&#26368;&#32066;&#20197;&#19978;&#22763;&#36947;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#21516;&#26178;&#28085;&#25885;&#19979;&#22763;&#36947;&#33287;&#20013;&#22763;&#36947;&#25152;&#24314;&#31435;&#30340;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/paths-of-the-three-types-of-individual\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">middle scope<\/span>s of the path, which are common to both <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mahayana, Great vehicle&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;, &#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24503;&#24052;&#21315;&#27874;, &#24503;&#21315;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tekpa chenpo), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(tek chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg pa chen po,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg chen&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mah&#257;y&#257;na \/ &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Mahayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;= &amp;quot;great vehicle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;great conveyance&amp;quot; = &#22823;&#20056; \/ &#22823;&#36554;&#20056;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;mah&#257;&nbsp;\/ &#22823; = &amp;quot;great&amp;quot; = &#22823;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;y&#257;na&nbsp;\/ &#20056; = &amp;quot;vehicle&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;conveyance&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;mode of travel&amp;quot; = &#20056; \/ &#36554;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Great Vehicle is one of the two major branches of Buddhism, distinguished by its universal aspiration to attain full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, compassion, and the realization of emptiness as the path to buddhahood. This tradition emerged in India around the first century CE and later spread to East Asia and Tibet, giving rise to schools such as Zen, Pure Land, and the Tibetan traditions. Its teachings include the six perfections, the ten grounds, and the doctrine of buddha-nature. The Great Vehicle is distinguished from the earlier tradition by its emphasis on the liberation of all beings and its expansive vision of the path. &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Two main branches within Mahayana are Madhyamaka and Chittamatra.&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Classical texts for Mahayana include Avatamsaka Sutra, Prajnaparamita Sutra and treatises by Nagarjuna and Asanga.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20197;&#26222;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#12289;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#28858;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#31934;&#31070;&#12290;&#27492;&#20056;&#24375;&#35519;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#12289;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#31354;&#24615;&#27491;&#35211;&#65292;&#20197;&#25104;&#23601;&#20315;&#26524;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#12290;&#27492;&#20659;&#32113;&#26044;&#35199;&#20803;&#19968;&#19990;&#32000;&#21069;&#24460;&#33288;&#36215;&#26044;&#21360;&#24230;&#65292;&#20854;&#24460;&#20659;&#25773;&#33267;&#26481;&#20126;&#33287;&#35199;&#34255;&#65292;&#34893;&#29983;&#20986;&#31146;&#23447;&#12289;&#28136;&#22303;&#23447;&#21450;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#21508;&#27966;&#12290;&#20854;&#25945;&#27861;&#21253;&#21547;&#20845;&#24230;&#12289;&#21313;&#22320;&#21450;&#22914;&#20358;&#34255;&#23416;&#35498;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#33287;&#19978;&#24231;&#37096;&#31561;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#65292;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20197;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20006;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#20043;&#36947;&#25265;&#25345;&#26356;&#28858;&#24291;&#38346;&#30340;&#35222;&#37326;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&#22823;&#20056;&#20839;&#37096;&#26377;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#23416;&#27966;&#65306;&#20013;&#35264;&#23447;&#33287;&#21807;&#35672;&#23447;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#32147;&#20856;&#21253;&#25324;&#12298;&#33775;&#22196;&#32147;&#12299;&#12289;&#12298;&#33324;&#33509;&#32147;&#12299;&#20197;&#21450;&#40845;&#27193;&#33287;&#28961;&#33879;&#31561;&#35542;&#24107;&#25152;&#36896;&#20043;&#35542;&#20856;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/mahayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Mahayana<\/span> Buddhism. However, when practitioners cultivate the lower and <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Paths of the three types of individual; &#19977;&#22763;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#30342;&#24067; &#26494;&#21513;&#21335;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3984;&#4017;&#3962;&#3942;&#3851;&#3926;&#3956;&#3851;&#3906;&#3942;&#3956;&#3928;&#3851;&#3906;&#4017;&#3954;&#3851;&#3939;&#3928;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(kyebu sum gyi lam); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;skyes bu gsum gyi lam&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The three scopes of the path refer to a framework for categorizing practitioners according to their motivation and spiritual capacity. This scheme was systematized by Atisha in his Lamp for the Path and became the foundation of the Lamrim tradition.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The lesser scope practitioner seeks favorable rebirth within cyclic existence by cultivating ethical conduct and abandoning non-virtue.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The middle scope practitioner, recognizing the shortcomings of all worldly existence, seeks personal liberation from the cycle of rebirth.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The great scope practitioner, motivated by compassion, seeks full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;This framework is not simply a classification of individuals but a progressive training system through which practitioners gradually expand their motivation, with the great scope serving as the final goal while incorporating the foundations established in the lesser and middle scopes.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19977;&#22763;&#36947;&#26159;&#25351;&#20381;&#25818;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#21205;&#27231;&#33287;&#26681;&#22120;&#32780;&#24314;&#31435;&#30340;&#20462;&#34892;&#38542;&#26799;&#65292;&#27492;&#26550;&#27083;&#30001;&#38463;&#24213;&#23805;&#23562;&#32773;&#26044;&#12298;&#33769;&#25552;&#36947;&#29128;&#35542;&#12299;&#20013;&#31995;&#32113;&#21270;&#65292;&#25104;&#28858;&#36947;&#27425;&#31532;&#20659;&#25215;&#30340;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19979;&#22763;&#36947;&#34892;&#32773;&#20197;&#36861;&#27714;&#20154;&#22825;&#21892;&#36259;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20462;&#25345;&#21313;&#21892;&#26989;&#12289;&#25448;&#38626;&#21313;&#24801;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#20013;&#22763;&#36947;&#34892;&#32773;&#20102;&#30693;&#19977;&#30028;&#36650;&#36852;&#30342;&#33510;&#65292;&#36861;&#27714;&#20491;&#20154;&#20986;&#38626;&#29983;&#27515;&#30340;&#35299;&#33067;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#19978;&#22763;&#36947;&#34892;&#32773;&#21063;&#30001;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#25152;&#39493;&#21205;&#65292;&#28858;&#21033;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#32780;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#12290;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#27492;&#26550;&#27083;&#19981;&#20677;&#26159;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#30340;&#20998;&#39006;&#65292;&#26356;&#26159;&#27425;&#31532;&#22686;&#19978;&#30340;&#35347;&#32244;&#39636;&#31995;&#65292;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#36879;&#36942;&#27492;&#26694;&#26550;&#36880;&#27493;&#25844;&#23637;&#24515;&#37327;&#33287;&#21205;&#27231;&#65292;&#26368;&#32066;&#20197;&#19978;&#22763;&#36947;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#21516;&#26178;&#28085;&#25885;&#19979;&#22763;&#36947;&#33287;&#20013;&#22763;&#36947;&#25152;&#24314;&#31435;&#30340;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/paths-of-the-three-types-of-individual\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">middle scope<\/span>s with the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Bodhicitta&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#27743;&#31179;&#26862;) ; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3926;&#4017;&#3908;&#3851;&#3910;&#3956;&#3926;&#3851;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (jang chup sem); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;byang chub sems&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Bodhicitta&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Bodhicitta is the mind for enlightenment. Absolute bodhicitta is the completely awakened mind that sees the emptiness of phenomena. Relative bodhicitta is the aspiration to practice buddha dharma to free all beings from the suffering of samsara.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#26159;&#35258;&#24735;&#30340;&#24515;&#12290;&#21213;&#32681;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#26159;&#24735;&#21040;&#31354;&#24615;&#23526;&#30456;&#30340;&#23436;&#20840;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#19990;&#20439;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#26159;&#39000;&#20462;&#20315;&#27861;&#28858;&#35299;&#33067;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#20986;&#36650;&#36852;&#33510;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/bodhicitta\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">bodhicitta<\/span> motivation of benefiting all <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sentient Beings, Semchen;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt; &#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26862;&#38291;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3962;&#3928;&#3942;&#3851;&#3909;&#3923;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(sem chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sems can&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sattva;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sentient beings refer to all living creatures that possess consciousness and are subject to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. In Buddhist cosmology, this term encompasses beings in all six realms of existence, including gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. What distinguishes sentient beings from inanimate objects (plants, for example) is their capacity for perception, feeling, and karmic action. They are driven by ignorance, desire, and aversion, which perpetuate their wandering in cyclic existence. The awakening of sentient beings to their true nature is the central concern of the Buddhist path, and the aspiration to liberate them from suffering is the foundation of the bodhisattva ideal and the generation of bodhicitta.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#26377;&#24773;&#27867;&#25351;&#19968;&#20999;&#20855;&#26377;&#24515;&#35672;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33021;&#21147;&#65292;&#20006;&#21463;&#29983;&#27515;&#36650;&#36852;&#25152;&#26463;&#32283;&#30340;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#22312;&#20315;&#25945;&#23431;&#23449;&#35264;&#20013;&#65292;&#27492;&#35422;&#28085;&#33995;&#20845;&#36947;&#20013;&#30340;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#65292;&#21253;&#25324;&#22825;&#12289;&#38463;&#20462;&#32645;&#12289;&#20154;&#12289;&#30044;&#29983;&#12289;&#39187;&#39740;&#33287;&#22320;&#29508;&#30526;&#29983;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#33287;&#28961;&#24773;&#29289;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20855;&#26377;&#24863;&#30693;&#12289;&#24863;&#21463;&#33287;&#36896;&#26989;&#30340;&#33021;&#21147;&#12290;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#36010;&#24859;&#33287;&#30603;&#24680;&#25152;&#39493;&#20351;&#65292;&#22240;&#27492;&#32780;&#26044;&#36650;&#36852;&#20013;&#27969;&#36681;&#19981;&#24687;&#12290;&#20196;&#19968;&#20999;&#26377;&#24773;&#30526;&#29983;&#35258;&#24735;&#20854;&#30495;&#23526;&#26412;&#24615;&#65292;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#30340;&#26680;&#24515;&#38364;&#25079;&#65292;&#32780;&#30332;&#39000;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#33067;&#38626;&#30171;&#33510;&#65292;&#21063;&#26159;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#33287;&#29983;&#36215;&#33769;&#25552;&#24515;&#30340;&#26681;&#26412;&#22522;&#30990;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/semchen\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sentient beings<\/span>&mdash;with the aspiration to attain <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Enlightened, Sangye; &#20315;&#38464;, &#27491;&#35258; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#26705;&#30342;\/&#26705;&#20625;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3942;&#3908;&#3942;&#3851;&#3938;&#3986;&#4017;&#3942;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (sangye); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sangs rgyas&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Buddha, Buddho &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#24067;&#36948;);&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Buddha usually refers to Shakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In general, a Buddha is someone who has awakened and enlightened from ignorance, eliminated from his\/her mind stream all emotional and cognitive obscurations, stopped all sufferings and cycles of life and death, gained everlasting happiness and peace, through merits and wisdom.\nGosok explains the meaning of Tibetan word Sangey:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Sang&amp;quot; means awakening from the sleep of ignorance.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Gye&amp;quot; refers to possessing all-encompassing wisdom and perfect virtues.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Thus, &amp;quot;Sangye&amp;quot; signifies the Buddha&rsquo;s fulfillment of both abandonment (of afflictions) and realization (of wisdom).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\nSangye, Sanggye is a common Tibetan name.\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26524;&#30889;&#20161;&#27874;&#20999;&#35299;&#37323;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#30340;&#24847;&#32681;:&nbsp;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#30561;&#30496;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#26159;&#25351;&#22914;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#12289;&#30433;&#25152;&#26377;&#26234;&#65292;&#19968;&#20999;&#21151;&#24503;&#25903;&#20998;&#22291;&#28415;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#26705;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#25110;&#32773;&#35498;&#65292;&#12300;&#26705;&#12301;&#26159;&#24478;&#28961;&#26126;&#12289;&#20108;&#38556;&#32722;&#27683;&#30340;&#36855;&#38695;&#20013;&#35258;&#37266;&#65307;&#24050;&#35657;&#29694;&#35657;&#31354;&#24615;&#30340;&#22937;&#26234;&#65292;&#22914;&#29694;&#26085;&#20809;&#65292;&#25152;&#20197;&#21483;&#12300;&#20625;&#12301;&#12290;&#20063;&#23601;&#26159;&#20315;&#30340;&#26039;&#12289;&#35657;&#20108;&#31278;&#21151;&#24503;&#22291;&#28415;&#30340;&#24847;&#24605;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#26705;&#20625; \/ &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#26705;&#30342;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&#26159;&#24120;&#35211;&#34255;&#21517;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/buddha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Buddha<\/span>hood for their sake&mdash;the practices of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> path become <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Uncommon, Exclusive; &#19981;&#20849; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;(&#21534;&#25935;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3956;&#3923;&#3851;&#3928;&#3954;&#3923;&#3851;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tun min); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;thun min&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;In Tibetan Buddhism &amp;quot;Uncomon&amp;quot; refers to teachings or practices that are highly specialized, advanced or exclusive.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&#22312;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;, &amp;quot;&#19981;&#20849;&amp;quot; &#25351;&#30340;&#26159;&#39640;&#24230;&#29305;&#21029;&#12289;&#39640;&#38542;&#25110;&#29544;&#26377;&#30340;&#25945;&#27861;&#25110;&#20462;&#25345;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/uncommon\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">uncommon<\/span> <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mahayana, Great vehicle&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;, &#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24503;&#24052;&#21315;&#27874;, &#24503;&#21315;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tekpa chenpo), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(tek chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg pa chen po,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg chen&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mah&#257;y&#257;na \/ &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Mahayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;= &amp;quot;great vehicle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;great conveyance&amp;quot; = &#22823;&#20056; \/ &#22823;&#36554;&#20056;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;mah&#257;&nbsp;\/ &#22823; = &amp;quot;great&amp;quot; = &#22823;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;y&#257;na&nbsp;\/ &#20056; = &amp;quot;vehicle&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;conveyance&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;mode of travel&amp;quot; = &#20056; \/ &#36554;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Great Vehicle is one of the two major branches of Buddhism, distinguished by its universal aspiration to attain full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, compassion, and the realization of emptiness as the path to buddhahood. This tradition emerged in India around the first century CE and later spread to East Asia and Tibet, giving rise to schools such as Zen, Pure Land, and the Tibetan traditions. Its teachings include the six perfections, the ten grounds, and the doctrine of buddha-nature. The Great Vehicle is distinguished from the earlier tradition by its emphasis on the liberation of all beings and its expansive vision of the path. &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Two main branches within Mahayana are Madhyamaka and Chittamatra.&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Classical texts for Mahayana include Avatamsaka Sutra, Prajnaparamita Sutra and treatises by Nagarjuna and Asanga.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20197;&#26222;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#12289;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#28858;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#31934;&#31070;&#12290;&#27492;&#20056;&#24375;&#35519;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#12289;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#31354;&#24615;&#27491;&#35211;&#65292;&#20197;&#25104;&#23601;&#20315;&#26524;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#12290;&#27492;&#20659;&#32113;&#26044;&#35199;&#20803;&#19968;&#19990;&#32000;&#21069;&#24460;&#33288;&#36215;&#26044;&#21360;&#24230;&#65292;&#20854;&#24460;&#20659;&#25773;&#33267;&#26481;&#20126;&#33287;&#35199;&#34255;&#65292;&#34893;&#29983;&#20986;&#31146;&#23447;&#12289;&#28136;&#22303;&#23447;&#21450;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#21508;&#27966;&#12290;&#20854;&#25945;&#27861;&#21253;&#21547;&#20845;&#24230;&#12289;&#21313;&#22320;&#21450;&#22914;&#20358;&#34255;&#23416;&#35498;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#33287;&#19978;&#24231;&#37096;&#31561;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#65292;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20197;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20006;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#20043;&#36947;&#25265;&#25345;&#26356;&#28858;&#24291;&#38346;&#30340;&#35222;&#37326;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&#22823;&#20056;&#20839;&#37096;&#26377;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#23416;&#27966;&#65306;&#20013;&#35264;&#23447;&#33287;&#21807;&#35672;&#23447;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#32147;&#20856;&#21253;&#25324;&#12298;&#33775;&#22196;&#32147;&#12299;&#12289;&#12298;&#33324;&#33509;&#32147;&#12299;&#20197;&#21450;&#40845;&#27193;&#33287;&#28961;&#33879;&#31561;&#35542;&#24107;&#25152;&#36896;&#20043;&#35542;&#20856;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/mahayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Mahayana<\/span> path. As <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mahayana, Great vehicle&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;, &#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24503;&#24052;&#21315;&#27874;, &#24503;&#21315;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tekpa chenpo), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(tek chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg pa chen po,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg chen&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mah&#257;y&#257;na \/ &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Mahayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;= &amp;quot;great vehicle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;great conveyance&amp;quot; = &#22823;&#20056; \/ &#22823;&#36554;&#20056;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;mah&#257;&nbsp;\/ &#22823; = &amp;quot;great&amp;quot; = &#22823;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;y&#257;na&nbsp;\/ &#20056; = &amp;quot;vehicle&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;conveyance&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;mode of travel&amp;quot; = &#20056; \/ &#36554;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Great Vehicle is one of the two major branches of Buddhism, distinguished by its universal aspiration to attain full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, compassion, and the realization of emptiness as the path to buddhahood. This tradition emerged in India around the first century CE and later spread to East Asia and Tibet, giving rise to schools such as Zen, Pure Land, and the Tibetan traditions. Its teachings include the six perfections, the ten grounds, and the doctrine of buddha-nature. The Great Vehicle is distinguished from the earlier tradition by its emphasis on the liberation of all beings and its expansive vision of the path. &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Two main branches within Mahayana are Madhyamaka and Chittamatra.&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Classical texts for Mahayana include Avatamsaka Sutra, Prajnaparamita Sutra and treatises by Nagarjuna and Asanga.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20197;&#26222;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#12289;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#28858;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#31934;&#31070;&#12290;&#27492;&#20056;&#24375;&#35519;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#12289;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#31354;&#24615;&#27491;&#35211;&#65292;&#20197;&#25104;&#23601;&#20315;&#26524;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#12290;&#27492;&#20659;&#32113;&#26044;&#35199;&#20803;&#19968;&#19990;&#32000;&#21069;&#24460;&#33288;&#36215;&#26044;&#21360;&#24230;&#65292;&#20854;&#24460;&#20659;&#25773;&#33267;&#26481;&#20126;&#33287;&#35199;&#34255;&#65292;&#34893;&#29983;&#20986;&#31146;&#23447;&#12289;&#28136;&#22303;&#23447;&#21450;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#21508;&#27966;&#12290;&#20854;&#25945;&#27861;&#21253;&#21547;&#20845;&#24230;&#12289;&#21313;&#22320;&#21450;&#22914;&#20358;&#34255;&#23416;&#35498;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#33287;&#19978;&#24231;&#37096;&#31561;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#65292;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20197;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20006;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#20043;&#36947;&#25265;&#25345;&#26356;&#28858;&#24291;&#38346;&#30340;&#35222;&#37326;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&#22823;&#20056;&#20839;&#37096;&#26377;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#23416;&#27966;&#65306;&#20013;&#35264;&#23447;&#33287;&#21807;&#35672;&#23447;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#32147;&#20856;&#21253;&#25324;&#12298;&#33775;&#22196;&#32147;&#12299;&#12289;&#12298;&#33324;&#33509;&#32147;&#12299;&#20197;&#21450;&#40845;&#27193;&#33287;&#28961;&#33879;&#31561;&#35542;&#24107;&#25152;&#36896;&#20043;&#35542;&#20856;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/mahayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Mahayana<\/span> Buddhists, our entire framework of practice is based on the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha, Five paths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20116;&#36947;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3928;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (lam nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lam lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Pancapatha is the five stages to enlightenment for Buddhists:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of accumulation to purify obscurations and accumulating merits&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of preparation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of insight or seeing&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of meditation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of no more learning&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#20116;&#36947;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#30340;&#20116;&#20491;&#35258;&#24735;&#38542;&#27573;:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&#65292;&#28165;&#28136;&#26989;&#38556;&#21450;&#32047;&#31309;&#21151;&#24503;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#21152;&#34892;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#35211;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#20462;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#23416;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pancapatha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">five paths<\/span> and ten grounds of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mahayana, Great vehicle&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#20315;&#25945;, &#33769;&#34217;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#24503;&#24052;&#21315;&#27874;, &#24503;&#21315;)&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3924;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923;&#3851;&#3924;&#3964;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (tekpa chenpo), &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3910;&#3962;&#3923; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;(tek chen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg pa chen po,&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg chen&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mah&#257;y&#257;na \/ &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Mahayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;= &amp;quot;great vehicle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;great conveyance&amp;quot; = &#22823;&#20056; \/ &#22823;&#36554;&#20056;\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;mah&#257;&nbsp;\/ &#22823; = &amp;quot;great&amp;quot; = &#22823;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;y&#257;na&nbsp;\/ &#20056; = &amp;quot;vehicle&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;conveyance&amp;quot; \/ &amp;quot;mode of travel&amp;quot; = &#20056; \/ &#36554;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Great Vehicle is one of the two major branches of Buddhism, distinguished by its universal aspiration to attain full awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, compassion, and the realization of emptiness as the path to buddhahood. This tradition emerged in India around the first century CE and later spread to East Asia and Tibet, giving rise to schools such as Zen, Pure Land, and the Tibetan traditions. Its teachings include the six perfections, the ten grounds, and the doctrine of buddha-nature. The Great Vehicle is distinguished from the earlier tradition by its emphasis on the liberation of all beings and its expansive vision of the path. &amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Two main branches within Mahayana are Madhyamaka and Chittamatra.&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Classical texts for Mahayana include Avatamsaka Sutra, Prajnaparamita Sutra and treatises by Nagarjuna and Asanga.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#22823;&#20056;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#25903;&#27966;&#20043;&#19968;&#65292;&#20197;&#26222;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#12289;&#24535;&#27714;&#28961;&#19978;&#33769;&#25552;&#28858;&#20854;&#26680;&#24515;&#31934;&#31070;&#12290;&#27492;&#20056;&#24375;&#35519;&#33769;&#34217;&#29702;&#24819;&#12289;&#22823;&#24754;&#24515;&#33287;&#31354;&#24615;&#27491;&#35211;&#65292;&#20197;&#25104;&#23601;&#20315;&#26524;&#28858;&#31350;&#31455;&#30446;&#27161;&#12290;&#27492;&#20659;&#32113;&#26044;&#35199;&#20803;&#19968;&#19990;&#32000;&#21069;&#24460;&#33288;&#36215;&#26044;&#21360;&#24230;&#65292;&#20854;&#24460;&#20659;&#25773;&#33267;&#26481;&#20126;&#33287;&#35199;&#34255;&#65292;&#34893;&#29983;&#20986;&#31146;&#23447;&#12289;&#28136;&#22303;&#23447;&#21450;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#21508;&#27966;&#12290;&#20854;&#25945;&#27861;&#21253;&#21547;&#20845;&#24230;&#12289;&#21313;&#22320;&#21450;&#22914;&#20358;&#34255;&#23416;&#35498;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#33287;&#19978;&#24231;&#37096;&#31561;&#26089;&#26399;&#20315;&#25945;&#20659;&#32113;&#30340;&#21312;&#21029;&#65292;&#22312;&#26044;&#20854;&#20197;&#25937;&#24230;&#19968;&#20999;&#30526;&#29983;&#28858;&#30446;&#27161;&#65292;&#20006;&#23565;&#20462;&#34892;&#20043;&#36947;&#25265;&#25345;&#26356;&#28858;&#24291;&#38346;&#30340;&#35222;&#37326;&#12290;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&#22823;&#20056;&#20839;&#37096;&#26377;&#20841;&#22823;&#20027;&#35201;&#23416;&#27966;&#65306;&#20013;&#35264;&#23447;&#33287;&#21807;&#35672;&#23447;&#12290;&#22823;&#20056;&#32147;&#20856;&#21253;&#25324;&#12298;&#33775;&#22196;&#32147;&#12299;&#12289;&#12298;&#33324;&#33509;&#32147;&#12299;&#20197;&#21450;&#40845;&#27193;&#33287;&#28961;&#33879;&#31561;&#35542;&#24107;&#25152;&#36896;&#20043;&#35542;&#20856;&#12290;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/mahayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Mahayana<\/span> system, while less emphasis is placed on the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha, Five paths&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#20116;&#36947;; &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3939;&#3928;&#3851;&#3939;&#3988;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (lam nga); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lam lnga&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Pancapatha&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Pancapatha is the five stages to enlightenment for Buddhists:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of accumulation to purify obscurations and accumulating merits&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of preparation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of insight or seeing&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of meditation&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;The path of no more learning&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;\n&#20116;&#36947;&#26159;&#20315;&#25945;&#20462;&#34892;&#32773;&#30340;&#20116;&#20491;&#35258;&#24735;&#38542;&#27573;:\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#36039;&#31975;&#36947;&#65292;&#28165;&#28136;&#26989;&#38556;&#21450;&#32047;&#31309;&#21151;&#24503;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#21152;&#34892;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#35211;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#20462;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&#28961;&#23416;&#36947;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/pancapatha\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">five paths<\/span> and ten grounds of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> system, and fewer texts on this topic are available. Therefore, this brief discussion of the stages of the <span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Buddhism &#20315;&#25945;) cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;) cmtt_(Sanskrit &#26805;&#25991;)\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Tibetan: &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#3920;&#3962;&#3906;&#3851;&#3921;&#3928;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt; (tek men); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;theg dman&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;; Sanskrit: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hinayana&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A Hinayana (means small vehicle, foundational, or basic vehicle) Buddhist follower aspires to personal liberation of nirvana. Hinayana is further divided into Shravakayana (hearer vehicle) and Pratyekabuddhayana (solitary realizer vehicle).&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&#23567;&#20056;&#24351;&#23376;&#31435;&#24535;&#28858;&#20491;&#20154;&#35299;&#33067;&#28858;&#20027;&#35201;&#30446;&#27161;. &#23567;&#20056;&#20998;&#28858;&#21448;&#32882;&#32862;&#20056;&#21644;&#29544;&#35258;&#20056;.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/hinayana\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Hinayana<\/span> path is intended to provide some assistance to your studies.<\/p><\/div><p>http:\/\/www.<span class=\"glossaryLink cmtt_(Tibetan &#34255;&#25991;)\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Kunphen, Beneficial to all; &#26222;&#21033;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&#26118;&#33452;); Tibetan: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 20px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#3904;&#3956;&#3923;&#3851;&#3925;&#3923;&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&nbsp;(kunphen); Wylie: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;kun phan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/fr\/glossary\/kunphen\/  target=_blank&gt;&#25171;&#38283;&#36781;&#20856; Open Glossary Page&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>kunphen<\/span>.com\/html\/2010\/gljy_0914\/112.html<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">The above is a translation from our Chinese webpage, based on original Tibetan teachings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div style=\"position: relative;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c94d481 elementor-cta--layout-image-right elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-96595 elementor-widget-call-to-action bdt-element-link\" data-id=\"c94d481\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"ep_notation_list\":[{\"_id\":\"990269f\",\"ep_notation_bracket_on\":null,\"ep_notation_select_type\":\"widget\",\"ep_notation_custom_selector\":null,\"ep_notation_type\":\"underline\",\"ep_notation_color\":\"\",\"ep_notation_stroke_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1,\"sizes\":[]},\"ep_notation_infinity_loop\":\"\",\"ep_notation_anim_duration\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"ep_notation_loop_delay\":null,\"ep_notation_waypoint_offset\":\"\"}],\"ep_notation_active\":\"yes\"}' data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\"><a href=\"\/initation\/\" class=\"bdt-element-link-anchor bdt-position-cover\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;\" aria-label=\"Visit link\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta\" href=\"\/Basicbuddhism\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/www.gosokrinpoche.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gosok-D8A9044p-s-150x150.jpg);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Gosok D8A9044p s\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBasic Tibetan Buddhism Teachings Pages <br> &#22522;&#30990;&#34255;&#20659;&#20315;&#25945;&#38283;&#31034;&#38913;&#38754;\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gosok Rinpoche Teaching<br \/>\n\u81f3\u5c0a\u679c\u78a9\u4ec1\u6ce2\u5207\u958b\u793a<br \/>\nTeaching on Sravakayana || \u8072\u805e\u4e58\u9053\u6b21\u7b2c\u6982\u8ff0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":56746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[255],"tags":[920,919,561,1009],"class_list":["post-4851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teaching","tag-chinese","tag-english","tag-561","tag-basics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Teaching on Sravakayana || \u8072\u805e\u4e58\u9053\u6b21\u7b2c\u6982\u8ff0 - Jangtse Choje His Eminence Kyabje Gosok Rinpoche Global Website<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gosok Rinpoche Teaching on Sravakayana 2010 \u679c\u78a9\u4ec1\u6ce2\u5207 \u8072\u805e\u4e58\u9053\u6b21\u7b2c\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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